Are large-scale collaborations worth it? : a longitudinal study of researchers’ perceptions over a 5 year program CARIAA-ASSAR
The paper looks at experiences of participants in the large-scale, five-year collaborative research project, Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR), midway and at the end of the project. It explores the benefits and limitations of transdisciplinary collaborations and the extent to which these can be outweighed through better programme design. The Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA) – ASSAR project supported the involvement of more than 250 researchers and practitioners. Figure 7 depicts the top five most cited challenges from each survey. The University of Cape Town was project lead, and housed the project management unit.
Autor(es) : Scodanibbio, Lucia, Kemp, Georgina Cundill
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Regional climate messages for South Asia
It was essential to understand the extent of climatic variability and the associated biophysical response to ascertain appropriate entry points for the RRP phase. To enhance our understanding of historical climate change and climate variability in the three ASSAR sub-regions, we investigated trends in temperature and precipitation in the broader landscape surrounding the sub-regions (hereafter ASSAR sub-region envelopes).
Autor(es) : Chaturvedi, Rajiv, Bazaz, Amir, Shashikala, V., Krishnaswamy, Jagdish, Sanjay, J., Mujumdar, Milind, Badiger, Shrinivas, Bunyan, Milind
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Forward-looking, inclusive governance arrangements across different scales are a critical enabler for adaptation : an ASSAR cross-regional insight
The paper concentrates on issues of governance in semi-arid regions, with a focus on what forms of governance will enable effective adaptation. Adaptation governance remains largely fragmented in semi-arid regions. Finances, knowledge, and human capital are required to support necessarily decentralized government structures. This decentralization needs to focus on socio-cultural and ecological aspects such as local perceptions of risk and resource degradation. In semi-arid regions, traditional and customary institutions can play an important role in natural resource management and adaptation response.
Autor(es) : Ziervogel, Gina, Satyal, Poshendra, Singh, Chandni, Bosworth, Brendon, Hoffman, Tali, Scodanibbio, Lucia
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Vulnerability, impacts and adaptation to climate change in Namibia
The Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) study area was the Onesi Constituency in the Omusat Region, Namibia. The focus was barriers and enablers to the adoption of new agricultural practices, management of water at the local level, sale of livestock, use of seasonal climate information, and management of drought. This brochure serves as background to current climatic conditions in Namibia. It provides information regarding what can be expected in terms of climate change and drought, and what can be done in terms of adaptation.
Autor(es) : Angula, Margaret
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Wells and well-being in South India : gender dimensions of groundwater dependence
This article addresses the centrality of groundwater access and the micropolitics of gender in relation to uses and users of groundwater, in both agriculture and the domestic sphere. It focuses on the everyday experiences of men and women, towards a better understanding of the gendered segmentation of agricultural labour, and how this relates to control over assets. Research indicates that groundwater usage in semi-arid regions has increased the short-term resilience of communities in the region, but has simultaneously increased gendered risks, especially for smallholders, by promoting unsustainable livelihood trends and risky coping strategies related to groundwater shortages.
Autor(es) : Solomon, Divya Susan, Rao, Nitya
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Tiriso ya ditogamaano-ka-go-fetola-seemo jaaka tsela ya go akanya ka pharologanyo ka isago ya tiriso lefatshe mo Bobirwa, Botswana
Autor(es) : Perez, Mokwadi Teresa, mo dintlheng, Ba tsaya karolo, Davies, Julia, Spear, Dian, Goldberg, Karen, Raditloaneng, Nelly, Masundire, Hillary, Bothepha Mosetlhi, Baranodi Baranodi, Molefe, Chandapiwe, Moesi, Mmakwena
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Euvoko lyelunduluko lyonkalo yombepo : okambo komauyelele kaakalimo yomomusati
Autor(es) : ASSAR
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Using transformative scenario planning to think critically about the future of water in rural Jalna, India : second TPS report
Transformative Scenario Planning (TSP) is structured around the development and use of scenarios; it provides a framework and language for strategic dialogue within and across stakeholder groups. The Watershed Organization Trust (WOTR) applied this methodology in their engagement with multiple stakeholders in the water sector across Jalna district (Maharashtra, India). This report presents an overview of the proceedings of the second TSP workshop. The reflections that emerged on the crucial issue of ‘Water in Rural Jalna in 2030’ made all participants realise the urgency of addressing the problem. It also produced next steps.
Autor(es) : Kale, Eshwer, D’Souza, Marcella
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Climate variability and impact in ASSAR's east African region
This working paper reviews available information and literature on climate variability, risks and vulnerabilities across East Africa, and reflects on implications for climate adaptation planning and intervention. It assessed climate variability risks with emphasis on rainfall, drought and flooding events, as well as environmental and socioeconomic vulnerability. Working in seven countries in semi-arid regions, Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) seeks to understand the factors that have prevented climate change adaptation from being more widespread and successful, including governance factors that can facilitate a shift from ad hoc adaptation to planning for large-scale adaptation measures.
Autor(es) : Degefu, Mekonnen Adnew, Assen, Mohammed, McGahey, Daniel
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Stakeholder and influence network mapping exercise with the government, development and research actors in Namibia
This stakeholder and influence mapping exercise served to introduce the concept of power relations/dynamics and explore its use within the Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) Research into Use Strategy (RiU). The aim was to identify key stakeholders that influence climate change adaptation in north central Namibia (for example main channels of information, technical services, flow of funds), explore the links between them and identify how influential these networks are. The outcome of this exercise can be used for RiU planning purpose to ensure effective use of ASSAR research.
Autor(es) : Hegga, Salma, Siyambango, Nguza, Angula, Margaret, Spear, Dian, Masundire, Hillary, Molefe, Chandapiwa, Morchain, Daniel
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Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Semi-Arid Areas in India
This detailed report summarises key findings from an extensive Regional Diagnostic Study (RDS) for South Asia. Despite intense analytical efforts at the sub-regional level, reliable downscaled data may not be available with current models. As well, the spatial scale of available downscaled climate products (Regional Climate Models) may preclude their use in local decision-making. Often, locally significant drivers such as land use-land cover change overwhelm the influence of climatic drivers. Climatic and non-climatic risks in the subregions are further exacerbated by lack of institutional support and unplanned development. Research needs to assess trends in coupled socio-ecological systems.
Autor(es) : Indian Institute for Human Settlements (IIHS), Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and Environment (ATREE), Watershed Organization Trust (WOTR)
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Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in semi-arid areas in Southern Africa
Vulnerability; Adaptation; Climate change; semi-arid regions; Southern Africa;
Autor(es) : Spear, Dian Dr., Haimbili, Emilia, Baudoin, Marie-Ange Dr, Hegga, Salma Dr., Zaroug, Modathir Dr., Okeyo, Alicia, Angula, Margaret
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Vulnerability and risk assessment in Botswana's Bobirwa sub-district fostering people-centred adaptation to climate change
This report outlines the findings of a Vulnerability Risk Assessment (VRA) exercise carried out in Eastern Botswana in the village of Bobonong in Bobirwa sub–district in the context of the project Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR). The workshop provided participants with key aspects in understanding and determining adaptive capacity of communities. Limited awareness of climate change is a serious issue for those who depend on land and other natural resources for their livelihood. The stakeholders, or workshop “knowledge group” indicated that crop farmers and livestock keepers are most affected.
Autor(es) : Masundire, Hillary, Morchain, Daniel, Raditloaneng, Nelly, Hegga, Salma, Ziervogel, Gina, Molefe, Chandapiwa, Angula, Margaret, Omari, Kulthoum
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Conducting life history interviews : a how-to guide
This manual has been developed to guide researchers through the process of using the life history approach to conduct interviews. The main body of the guide is split into three sections: 1) Before: how to prepare for your fieldwork; 2) During: how to conduct life history interviews; 3) After: what to do with your data once leaving the field. Life histories are often used to study temporality, and conducted over multiple interviews during which there is constant reference to instances of change. The researcher and the respondent are able to explore how events and behaviours shape individual choices and actions.
Autor(es) : Davies, Julie, Singh, Chandni, Tebboth, Mark, Spear, Dian, Mensah, Adelina, Ansah, Prince
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Using transformative scenario planning to think critically about the future of agriculture, natural resources and food security in Koutiala, Mali
With locally-relevant themes, Transformative Scenario Planning (TSP) workshop scenarios focused on various levels of ease of access to agricultural land, and water for irrigation. They also considered the role of other likely internal and external influential factors such as changing weather patterns, the use of natural resources, political decisions and agricultural development. TSP workshops aim to construct a safe space where people can talk openly and honestly about complex issues in order to think differently about ways of working together.
Autor(es) : Sidibe, Amadou, Totin, Edmond, Segnon, Alcade, Thompson-Hall, Mary, Hoffman, Tali
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Health vulnerability to heat stress in rural communities of the semi-arid regions of Maharashtra, India
Rural health infrastructure needs to be upgraded to effectively include heat stress related illnesses and to develop a health surveillance mechanism for monitoring heat-related morbidity and mortality. This policy brief highlights the risks and responses to heat stress in rural communities of the semi-arid region of Maharashtra. It identifies vulnerable groups as well as important factors that affect vulnerability to heat stress. Heat related symptoms (HRS) include: small blisters or pimples, dry mouth, fatigue, leg cramps, heavy sweating, intense thirst, rapid heartbeat, headache, leg swelling, paranoid feeling and swelling of face; and in more severe cases hallucinations, fainting and vomiting.
Autor(es) : Pradyumna, Adithya, Bendapudi, Ramkumar, Zade, Dipak, D’Souza, Marcella
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Can scenario planning catalyse transformational change? : Evaluating a climate change policy case study in Mali
The study evaluates outcomes resulting from scenario planning and the extent to which these contribute to transformational processes. It focuses on a district level case study in rural Mali which examined food security and necessary policy changes in the context of climate change. The article concludes that to enhance the resilience of agricultural and food systems under climate change, participatory scenario processes require a broader range of cross-scale engagement to support transformational changes. Such processes will catalyse deeper learning and more effective links with national level policymaking. There was good evidence of change amongst individuals, but limited evidence of collective transformation.
Autor(es) : Totin, Edmond, Butler, James R., Sidibé, Amadou, Partey, Samuel, Thornton, Philip K., Tabo, Ramadjita
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Adaptation to climate change or non-climatic stressors in semi-arid regions? Evidence of gender differentiation in three agrarian districts of Ghana
With the increasing impacts of climate change in Africa, a relationship between rainfall and yields in semi-arid Ghana has been observed. Drawing insights from three agrarian societies in the semi-arid region of Ghana using qualitative research methods, the study reports how people currently deal with climate variability as insight on how they will deal with climate change in the future. The findings indicate wide gender inequality in decision making processes and land access resulting from patriarchal local customs and institutions that shape adaptation responses of different vulnerable social groups to climatic or non-climatic stressors. Different adaptation practices of groups indicate that both climatic and non-climatic stressors shape the kind of responses that groups adopt. From the current adaptation practices, efforts to improve adaptation to future climate change at local levels must give attention to the nexus of both climatic and non-climatic stressors, gender, differential vulnerabilities and other subjectivities that produce a particular adaptation practice in a given place.
Autor(es) : Ahmed, Abubakari, Lawson, Elaine T., Mensah, Adelina, Gordon, Chris, Padgham, Jon
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Climate change impacts and adaptation in north-central Namibia
The policy brief describes climate change as it relates to north-central Namibia, providing background information, impacts, and specific strategies for increasing adaptative capacity: diversifying livestock; storage of grain and fodder; using social networks for assistance, and; establishment of credit associations and co-operatives. Cultivating techniques that have worked in similar climates are also suggested: the method and use of planting pits; how to prepare compost; and managing sloped ground by building stone bunds.
Autor(es) : Davies, Julia
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Thinking critically about the future of water security in Bengaluru, India using transformative scenario planning
The workshop brought together a total of 26 stakeholders all concerned about the future of Bangalore's water. It was structured around Transformative Scenario Planning (TSP) which provides a framework and language for strategic conversations within and across stakeholder groups. The stories constructed during the workshop will serve as the foundation for strategic planning in the second workshop with the aim of identifying how to adapt to, and potentially transform the future in relation to Bangalore's water security.
Autor(es) : Poonacha, Prathijna, Kodugan, Maitreyi
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Planning for a harsher future
The brochure information emphasizes that by planning for a harsher future, people living in drought-prone areas can influence how climate changes will affect them. Personal stories illustrate some adaptive responses to seasonal climate forecasting such as diversifying crops, anticipating needs of livestock, and practicing soil and water conservation methods.
Autor(es) : Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR)
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Communicating climate change for adaptation : challenges, successes and future priorities : information brief
Framing climate change messages in line with local contexts is crucial and greatly improves their effectiveness. Aside from the limitations of resource availability, adaptive capacity largely depends on the extent to which problems are understood, knowledge is accessible to vulnerable groups and policy makers, and adaptive responses are recognised and available. Power relations, gender roles, gender equality, and access to resources strongly influence whether and how vulnerable communities access climate information. Dialogue and public engagement can both enhance the understanding of climate change and encourage behavioural change. The policy brief focuses on communication strategies.
Autor(es) : Lumosi, Caroline, McGahey, Daniel
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Regional climate messages for West Africa
This report provides a general overview of the regional climate in West Africa. A follow-up report that provides a specific focus on the climate of the semi-arid regions of West Africa is currently under development.
Autor(es) : Daron, Joseph D. Dr
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ASSAR final report (2014-2018)
ASSAR’s overarching objective in the original proposal was to:
“…strengthen knowledge systems in semi-arid regions (SARs) on climate change vulnerability and adaptation, to enable a shift from current adaptation practices and policy into a mode that achieves proactive, widespread adaptation embedded in development activities at multiple governance scales, yielding well-adapted enhanced livelihoods for vulnerable groups” (ASSAR proposal, pg. 21).
Autor(es) : Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions
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Background paper on Botswana's draft drought management strategy
This assessment looks at key elements in making drought responses equitable and effective: the importance of flexible, adaptable and transformative approaches; power issues; knowledge systems for drought risk management; stakeholder involvement; the importance of inclusiveness and building agency. This ‘strategy ready’ Background Paper was developed to build on and extend the outline of the existing draft Drought Management Strategy (DMS) in order to provide maximum assistance to the Technical Team as they revise the DMS. An enabling institutional environment is being initiated through the development of the DMS.
Autor(es) : Davies, Julia, Spear, Dian, Omari, Kulthoum
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When adaptation barriers and enablers intersect : key considerations for adaptation planning drawn from ASSAR's findings
The work of Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) highlights the existence of barriers and enablers of adaptation, including their interacting effects. Factors do not operate in isolation. This document summarises examples from studies in semi-arid regions of India, Namibia, Ethiopia and Mali to illustrate how barriers and enablers interact, and to draw out key considerations for planning how to facilitate an enabling environment for adaptation. ASSAR uses Transformative Scenario Planning and Vulnerability and Risk Assessment as ways for bringing people together to address intersecting barriers and participate in adaptation planning.
Autor(es) : Few, Roger, Singh, Chandni, Spear, Dian, Davies, Julia, Tebboth, Mark, Sidibe, Amadou, Mensah, Adelina, Thompson-Hall, Mary
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Key findings from ASSAR's regional diagnostic study & initial research : Bangalore sub-region, Karnataka : information brief
This brief presents broad insights from the Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) Regional Diagnostic Study (RDS) and initial research in Bangalore. The urbanisation trends and structural changes observed in Bangalore are typical of many cities in India. Ironically, urbanisation is considered a remedy for a host of developmental issues (poverty, inequality and livelihood concerns). Recent evidence suggests this is seldom the case. Water scarcity is a key challenge in Bangalore. Along with other socio-economic vulnerabilities, it leads to accumulated risks over time. Governance responses to critical vulnerabilities are fragmented, making coordination across different agencies and scales challenging.
Autor(es) :
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A reflection on collaborative adaptation research in Africa and Asia
The study examines opportunities and challenges presented by a collaborative, transdisciplinary research project on climate change adaptation in Africa and Asia. Using a hotspot approach, the Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA) program is able to explore how vulnerabilities manifest across regions, linking local and national research with regional planning and international discourse. Efforts to match research to the biophysical scales at which change occurs need to include understanding of the mismatch that can develop between these regional scales and the governance scales at which decisions are made.
Autor(es) : Cochrane, Logan, Cundill, Georgina, Ludi, Eva, New, Mark, Nicholls, Robert J., Wester, Philippus, Cantin, Bernard, Murali, Kallur Subrammanyam, Leone, Michele, Kituyi, Evans, Landry, Marie-Eve
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Livelihoods on the edge without a safety net : the case of smallholder crop farming in North-central Namibia
To sustain the livelihoods of rural communities in north-central Namibia, support is needed from local and regional authorities, as well as traditional and religious leaders to assist with enhancing access to information, enabling information-sharing on adaptation options, and increasing awareness about climate change. In addition, implementation of adaptation actions also requires demonstration sites, along with building local capacity to enable the development of self-help groups. This study shows how traditional norms and religious beliefs are preventing people from making changes, thereby increasing their vulnerability to climate change.
Autor(es) : Spear, Dian, Chappel, Angela
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Risks and responses in rural India : implications for local climate change adaptation action
To highlight the dynamic reality of adaptation to climate change risks and responses, this detailed study focuses on livelihood transitions in South India. The research examines to what extent multi-scalar adaptation interventions affect local risk and response behaviour. Lack of water due to erratic rainfall and declining ground water levels were the most significant risks. Practices of adjustment are increasingly being challenged by growing climate variability and longer-term manifestations of climate change. While certain strategies do improve household wellbeing in the short run, there is low evidence to suggest an increase in adaptive capacity to deal with climatic risks in the future.
Autor(es) : Singh, Sandni, Rahman, Andaleeb, Srinivas, Arjun, Bazaz, Amir
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Global warming of 1.5°C and higher brings profound challenges to semi-arid regions : an ASSAR cross-regional insights
This paper, prepared by Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) provides country briefs and embedded links to specific reports on Botswana, Namibia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Mali, and Ghana in terms of: 1) changes in local temperature, rainfall, and climate extremes, and 2) expected impacts on vulnerable socio-economic sectors, such as agriculture, water, health and fisheries – based on an extensive literature review and subsequent analyses. Semi-arid regions are classified as areas where evapotranspiration exceeds rainfall, and are therefore prone to water scarcity and water stress.
Autor(es) : New, Mark, Bouwer, Roy, Bosworth, Brendon, Hoffman, Tali, Scodanibbio, Lucia
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Changing ecosystem services are increasing people's vulnerability in semi-arid regions : an ASSAR cross-regional insight
Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) researchers collaborated to understand the complex changes and patterns in semi-arid vegetation and socio-ecological systems. Ecosystems were mapped using a cross-regional coarse scale study, relying on climate data to capture global and regional trends. Finest spatial scale mapping relied on LANDSAT to show changes in land use and land cover. Details of observed changes are provided for Botswana, Namibia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Mali, Ghana, West Africa, and India. Links to referenced studies are embedded in the report. Ecosystem services need to be sustainably managed through regulatory measures.
Autor(es) : Krishnaswamy, Jagdish, Bunyan, Milind, Solomon, Divya, Duraisamy, Vijayasekaran, Bazaz, Amir, Thomas, Renie, Masundire, Hillary, Molefe, Chandapiwa, Tebboth, Mark, Assen, Mohammed, Adnew, Mekonnen, Thompson-Hall, Mary, Totin, Edmond, Sidibe, Amadou, Mensah, Adelina
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Effective adaptation means different things to different people : an ASSAR cross-regional insight : 2014-2018
This Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) research identifies eleven conceptual framings that influence how adaptation effectiveness is defined and measured. Each is distilled into a “principle for effective adaptation” which can be used in designing, funding, implementing and evaluating adaptation actions. The case study of two villages in the Tamil Nadu (India) looks at how expansion of groundwater irrigation has led to dramatic shifts in cropping. A second case study analyzes Namibia’s multi-level governance arrangements through which a National Drought Policy was enacted. These case studies highlight tensions and trade-offs in livelihood choices and outcomes.
Autor(es) : New, Mark, Singh, Chandni, Iyer, Soundarya, Hoffman, Tali, Scodanibbio, Lucia
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Participatory processes build adaptive capacity and agency and can help transform systems : an ASSAR cross-regional insight
The research assessed interpretations of system transformation in climate change and development circles, as well as types of participatory processes, in order to better understand the potential for pathways to adaptation. The scale and speed of climate change events require systemic and behavioural changes that are major departures from current mindsets. Universal principles of social justice, human rights and Sustainable Development Goals could serve as pillars of reference against which to consider the implications of possible transformations. Existing power imbalances in climate governance structures at local to global levels demonstrate that power relations need re-balancing.
Autor(es) : Morchain, Daniel, Perez, Teresa, Hoffman, Tali, Scodanibbio, Lucia
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Regional climate messages for East Africa
This report provides an overview of the regional climate in East Africa. The impacts of future climate change on different sectors are complicated by the spread of model projections and the complexity of natural and societal systems. Impacts on water resources are unclear; an increase in evaporation alongside increasing temperatures may place additional stress on vulnerable systems. In the absence of clear trends in past or future rainfall, hydrological discharge trends are likely to remain primarily driven by changes to local water use and land use changes. For agriculture, there is a high degree of diversity of outcomes across climate scenarios, sectors, and regions.
Autor(es) : Daron, Dr Joseph D.
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Regional climate message for Southern Africa
This report provides a general overview of the regional climate in southern Africa, including seasonal and cyclical periods. Climate trends over time are shown in figures/maps encompassing seasonally averaged spatial and temporal changes in temperature over southern Africa (1963 to 2012). In relating any observed climate trend to underlying changes in the climate, different time scales of climatic variability need to be accounted for. For instance, across the central regions of Botswana, Namibia and northern South Africa, the climate is subject to decadal and longer-term climate variability. Climate projections are also included in the report.
Autor(es) : Daron, Joseph D., Dr., Climate system analysis group (CSAG), University of Cape Town
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Social differences in the vulnerability and adaptation patterns among smallholder farmers : evidence from lawra district in the upper west region of Ghana
Research on smallholder farmers in Ghana has paid inadequate attention to social differentiation among smallholder farmers. This study assesses the perception of vulnerability and climate change adaptation strategies of socially differentiated groups of smallholder farmers in Lawra district. Results suggest that smallholder farmers are not homogenous. Rather, males and females and youth and older folks differ in their perception of vulnerability and subsequent adaptation strategies. Results of perceptions drawn from focus group discussions are tabled and compared as “Hazards faced by smallholder farmers.”
Autor(es) : Abass, Adam Yidana, Mensah, Adelina, Salifu, Mubarik, Owusu, Kwadwo
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Utility of weather and climate information for adaptation decision-making : current uses and future prospects in Africa and India
Drawing on experiences from diverse fields such as biodiversity conservation and watershed development, the authors identify ways in which short-term and long-term weather and climate information can be leveraged towards transformative change. A framework is proposed to help increase utility and uptake across Africa and India. Participatory approaches to designing and interpreting climate information is useful in decision-making. The article provides detail regarding long-range climate projections and local level weather information, as well as the differences between users and producers of such knowledge. The current provision and use of climate information are a critical barrier for adaptation at scale.
Autor(es) : Singh, Chandni, Daron, Joseph, Bazaz, Amir, Ziervogel, Gina, Spear, Dian, Krishnaswamy, Jagdish, Zaroug, Modathir, Kituyi, Evans
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Hydrogeological delineation of groundwater vulnerability to droughts in semi-arid areas of western Ahmednagar district
Groundwater, a renewable and finite natural resource, is a vital source of sustenance for humans and dif-ferent ecosystems in the semi-arid regions. Rapid population growth in the last three decades has causeda rise in water demand which has inadvertently posed a stress on its availability. Occurrence of ground-water in the Deccan Volcanic Province is governed by the subsurface hydrogeological heterogeneity ofbasaltic lava flows and by the presence of geological structures like dykes, sills and fractures that influ-ence spatial & vertical groundwater flow. The main objective of this paper is to map and assess areas thatare naturally most susceptible to groundwater scarcity and at risk of depletion due to over extraction. Thecurrent study involves a field hydrogeological mapping that was integrated with remote sensing and GISto delineate areas. This technique was based on using different thematic layers viz. lithology, slope, land-use and land cover, lineament, drainage, soil type, depth to groundwater and annual rainfall. Additionally,pumping tests were carried out to classify the study area into different hydrogeological typologies to helpdelineate communities that are most vulnerable to subsurface heterogeneity. This paper attempts tounderline the groundwater scarcity zones based on different influencing thematic layers and provide arobust methodology to prioritize areas vulnerable to groundwater unavailability, by categorizing the study area into different vulnerable class types - extreme, high, moderate and low.
Autor(es) : Thomas, Renie, Duraisamy, Vijayasekaran
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Climate adaptation policy : adaptation in the semi-arid regions of India
In addition to climate drivers, structural drivers of vulnerability directly impact material and subjective wellbeing across the entire rural-urban continuum. This policy brief provides an overview of enablers to local adaptation in the Bangalore sub-region including a survey of observed adaptation options, and adaptation planning for mountain systems. It provides key policy recommendations. A majority of the region falls into 'high' to 'extreme' groundwater vulnerable zones. Illiteracy and lack of knowledge about leadership roles and responsibilities hinder active participation of women in governance.
Autor(es) :
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Vulnerability to heat stress : a case study of Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India
This study provides a pilot assessment of vulnerability to heat exposure in a rural context during the peak summer months (2016) with a focus on indoor and outdoor temperatures. Due to the rise in average global temperatures, the risk of morbidity and mortality related to heat stress will continue to increase and become a growing issue in India. Most epidemiological studies on heat and health rely on meteorological data from standardized weather stations that do not adequately reflect exposure to heat, for example inside houses, or the landscape characteristics of a location.
Autor(es) : Tasgaonkar, Premsagar, D'Souza, Marcella, Bendapudi, Ramkumar, Jacobs, Cor
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Using transformative scenario planning as a way to think differently about the future of land use in Bobirwa, Botswana
Land use involves a diverse range of perspectives and cannot be resolved by any single stakeholder working alone. A process like Transformative Scenario Planning (TSP) can bring together conflicting opinions and help people to start thinking differently. This report summarises the main steps, processes and ideas involved in the TSP workshops in Botswana. It articulates the process of TSP, how it unfolds in a group setting and how it can be used to draw out questions and concerns. In this case, clarity about the nature of partnerships meant an overt acknowledgment by researchers of the traditionally unequal status of partners.
Autor(es) : Perez, Teresa, Molefe, Chanda, Masundire, Hillary
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Using transformative scenario planning to think critically about the future of water security in Bangalore
This brief describes the transformative scenario planning (TSP) process as exemplified in training workshops held by the Indian Institute for Human Settlements on the issue of water security in Bangalore (2016-2018). Following the five steps of the transformative scenario planning (TSP) process, participants developed ‘Vision 2030’ – a shared view of how water security can be improved – and identified key actions that need to be implemented to achieve this vision. The objectives of a TSP process are the transformation of understanding, relationships, intentions and actions among participants from all sectors, who bring multiple perspectives and experience to the issue.
Autor(es) : Poonacha, Prathigna, Koduganti, Maitreyi
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Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the semi-arid regions of west Africa
The paper provides an overview of demographic and economic facts and trends in West Africa in general, and Ghana and Mali in particular, with country data snapshots. It examines the development dynamics in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas that comprise a significant portion of the West African drylands. Climate vulnerability in the West African context includes extensification of agriculture onto increasingly marginal drought-prone soils, reduced mobility of pastoralists, and the increasing prevalence of built structures to store river water. This increases sensitivity and exposure of downstream water users to low water levels and drought. The paper provides in-depth analysis and policy recommendations.
Autor(es) : Padgham, Jon, Abubakari, Ahmed, Ayivor, Jesse, Dietrich, Katie, Fosu-Mensah, Benedicta, Gordon, Chris, Habtezion, Senay, Lawson, Elaine, Mensah, Adelina, Nukpezah, Dan, Ofori, Ben, Piltz, Shayne, Sidibe, Amadou, Sissoko, Manda, Totin, Edmond, Traore, Sibiry
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Vulnerability and responses to climate change in drylands : the case of Namibia
This paper covers climate trends and projections; impacts of climate change on Namibia’s economic sectors; vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Vulnerability to climate change in Namibia is driven by underlying structural factors, including a history of inappropriate economic policies, gender disparities and colonization, which have led to chronic poverty and inequality. Climate change intersects with these existing structural vulnerabilities and can accentuate or shift the balance between winners and losers. Climate change scenarios and potential impacts should be integrated into development planning so that future development takes place in a ‘climate compatible’ manner.
Autor(es) : Spear, Dian, Zaroug, Modathir, Daron, Joseph, Ziervogel, Gina, Angula, Margaret, Haimbili, Emilia, Hegga, Salma, Baudoin, Marie-Ange, New, Mark, Kunamwene, Irene, Togarepi, Cecil, Davies, Julia
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What shapes vulnerability and risk management in semi-arid India? : moving towards an agenda of sustainable adaptation
The paper examines the implications of multi-scalar response strategies on local adaptive capacities and adaptation processes using data from three semi-arid regions in India. It focuses on how development and adaptation interventions are shaping local capacities to deal with risk. Few studies distinguish development interventions from climate adaptation actions, making it difficult to identify particular entry points for enabling and strengthening adaptation actions. The paper finds most adaptive responses were reactive coping strategies applicable for shorter-term climate variability. It concludes with a discussion linking the case-based findings to broader development and adaptation trajectories.
Autor(es) : Singh, Chandni, Solomon, Divya, Bendapudi, Ramkumar, Kuchimanchi, Bhavana, Iyer, Soundarya, Amir, Bazaz
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Policies, projects and people exploring the adaptation-development spectrum in India
The paper reviews literature and sixty-nine existing adaptation development projects in India to examine the nature of the ‘adaptation-development spectrum’ and how it relates to effective adaptation research and practice. These types of projects must take into account inherent vulnerabilities arising from social differentiation; historical trajectories of marginalisation and inequality; differential asset bases; and as well, macro-dynamics in markets, policies, and natural resources. While several projects at the national level explicitly addressed climate change adaptation (CCA), projects conceptualised at the state level had a high number of projects with no explicit link to climate change.
Autor(es) : Chandni, Singh, Pahwa Gajjar, Sumetee, Deshpande, Tanvi
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Transformation, adaptation and development : relating concepts to practice
The article charts some of the ways the term “transformation” is used in relation to climate change adaptation, and how in turn, these relate to practice. The paper frames a set of typologies on “mechanisms,” “target outcomes” and “the object” of change to help differentiate the multiple ways the term is used. It argues that the term “transformative adaptation” implies something subtly different. A critical perspective on time and spatial scales is also important for translating underlying meanings. This granularity can be beneficial when applying transformation thinking to practice, by providing clarity around the objectives of adaptation response.
Autor(es) : Few, Roger, Morchain, Daniel, Spear, Dian, Mensah, Adelina, Bendapudi, Ramkumar
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Use and communication of climate information to support uptake of adaptation actions in semi-arid regions in Africa and Asia
The aim was to identify challenges and opportunities for effective understanding, communication and use of weather and climate information in semi-arid regions (SAR) of Africa and Asia. Radios and mobile phones are the preferred channels for communicating weather and climate information. However, the variability in level of trust in the climate information that is being communicated affects both how it is understood and used. This paper reports on the findings of the first phase of the research.
Autor(es) : INTASAVE Africa
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Drought does not work alone
In dryland environments drought periodically emerges in a context of chronic water security challenges: these are places where managing water scarcity is a continual not an exceptional task. The article uses examples from case studies to illustrate the interaction of drought with other dynamics in the lives of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists. It focuses on how implications of drought should be understood and how this can inform risk management. A key component of many adaptation interventions in semi-arid areas is a focus on knowledge provision, especially generation of improved forecasting, early warning and associated advice to herders and farmers.
Autor(es) : Few, Roger
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Planning for climate change in the semi-arid regions of India - June 2015
Although India’s economic growth has been notable in the last 20 years the country still faces stagnant agricultural growth, rising inequality, unemployment, and inadequate access to public services for the poor including domestic water.
The semi-arid regions (SARs) of India face dynamic climatic and non-climatic risks. These risks, separately and in interaction, make people and communities living in these regions highly vulnerable.
Autor(es) :
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Gendered vulnerabilities to climate change: insights from the semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia
This paper interrogates emerging evidence in selected semi-arid countries of Africa and Asia from a gender perspective. It emphasizes the importance of unpacking relations of power, of inclusion and exclusion in decision-making, and of challenging cultural beliefs that deny equal opportunities and rights, especially those at the bottom of economic and social hierarchies. Policy approaches aimed at strengthening local communities’ adaptive capacity can fail to recognize the gendered nature of everyday realities and experiences. In semi-arid contexts high levels of poverty, lack of social safety nets, natural resource and climate-dependent livelihoods increase sensitivity to drought and water scarcity
Autor(es) : Rao, Nitya, Lawson, Elaine T., Raditloaneng, Wapula N., Solomon, Divya, Angula, Margaret N.
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Using transformative scenario planning to think critically about the future of water in rural Jalna, India
Transformative Scenario Planning (TSP) offers a neutral space for stakeholders to present their views, and construct a shared understanding of the situation and the actions they can take to address it. This brief describes the transformative scenario planning (TSP) process as exemplified in training workshops held on the issue of water security. Forty stakeholder representatives of Jalna district – farmers, landless, poor, women, members of the Grampanchayat, farmer movements, government officials, water sector scientist, academic institutions, college students, NGOs and media – voiced their varied concerns and perspectives about the water situation in Jalna.
Autor(es) : Kale, Eshwer, Khabiya, Pragati, Joshi, Vikas
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Local participation in decentralized water governance : insights from north-central Namibia
The study analysis reveals that decentralized governance of water resources can be ineffective if governments do not allocate sufficient resources to support and enable local governance systems. In southern Africa, community-based management of natural resources has expanded in line with governments’ stated intentions of increasing local participation and ownership. Their capacities to contribute meaningfully to decentralized water management, as well as the presence of enabling institutional arrangements and financial resources, are limited. Achieving greater equity and efficiency in the water sector while reducing climate risk will require that local actors receive more support in return for fuller and more effective participation.
Autor(es) : Hegga, Salma, Kunamwene, Irene, Ziervogel, Gina
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Planning for climate change in the semi-arid regions of East Africa - June 2015
Over the next 50 years, the semi-arid regions of East Africa are expected to become hotter, with more wet extremes. These climate changes will compound existing developmental pressures.
Climate changes – including increased frequency and intensity of droughts and floods – are predicted to negatively impact food security, economic growth, infrastructure and human health.
Autor(es) :
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Adaptation as innovation : lessons from smallholder farmers in rainfed Karnataka
This booklet contributes to identifying barriers and enablers to local adaptation, uncovering how factors at multiple scales promote or constrain local innovation in agriculture, as well as providing direction for scaling up. The aim is to document cases of adaptation innovation and discuss lessons for similar semi-arid regions in India. The policy brief describes: key concepts used; methodology; and profiles of farmers along with their innovative practices. It provides background information about climate change in the Karnataka area, as well as supporting evidence that links farmer innovation to climate change adaptive capacity.
Autor(es) : Hegde, Greeshma, Singh, Chandni, Kaur, Harpreet
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Using transformative scenario planning (TSP) to think critically about the future of water for productive use in Omusati, Namibia
The focus of TSP is the development, dissemination and use of a set of three or four scenarios (structured narratives or stories) about what is possible. These scenarios provide a shared framework and language for strategic conversations within and across stakeholder groups about the situation they are part of, and what actions they can, must, and will take to address it. TSP thereby offers a way for social systems to get unstuck and to move forward.
Autor(es) : Perez, Teresa
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Barriers and enablers of local adaptive measures : a case study of Bengaluru’s informal settlement
This paper highlights the barriers and enablers to climate change-related adaptation experienced in some of Bengaluru’s informal settlements. The barriers described in the paper include economic, social, governance and information related issues that impede local actions and increase vulnerabilities. Enabling factors include improving social and human capital, gaining formal recognition and support from agencies (local government, civil societies, and community leaders). Hence, local level adaptation measures mainstreamed with local developmental agendas help address some of the structural causes of vulnerability. Contextual policies and interventions can facilitate successful local level adaptation measures.
Autor(es) : Deshpande, Tanvi, Michael, Kavya, Bhaskara, Karthik
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Planning for climate change in the dryland areas of West Africa
Climate change exacerbates conditions in the dryland areas of West Africa, including rainfall variability, drought, and flood hazards, with impacts on resource degradation, resource conflict, food insecurity, human health, and plant and animal diseases. Herder-farmer conflict also increases as pastoralists and farmers compete for land and water. Better integration of climate information can support responsive mechanisms, prioritization of financial resources, and strengthening of institutional capacity to implement adaptation frameworks. Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) research in Africa and Asia examines the dynamics and drivers of vulnerability, while promoting the resilience of people, local organisations and governments.
Autor(es) :
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Assessing differential vulnerability of communities in the agrarian context in two districts of Maharashtra, India
The study presents how agrarian livelihoods in rural Maharashtra are transforming to adapt to the changing climate, and non-climatic drivers such as depletion of groundwater, land fragmentation, lack of post-harvest structures, and disappearing and deteriorating common property resources. Caste and social standing play a significant role in access to resources, land ownership, livelihoods choices and approaches – impacting people’s vulnerability to climate change. The study concludes that in order to develop feasible and sustainable interventions, vulnerability assessments need to be conducted at lower scales as climate risks vary even within small clusters of villages.
Autor(es) : Kuchimanchi, Bhavana Rao, Nazareth, Divya, Bendapudi, Ramkumar, Awasthi, Suchita, D'Souza, Marcella
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Climate change adaptation practice in semi-arid regions : views and insights by practitioners
This report elaborates recommendations aimed at ASSAR’s Regional Research Teams (RRT) as they enter the transition between the Regional Diagnostic Studies (RDS) and the Regional Research Programmes(RRP), and as such, recommendations hope to influence the design and refining of research questions. The Oxfam team is committed to supporting the RRTs in this transition process by offering them tailored support.
Autor(es) : Rokitzki, Martin, Morchain, Daniel
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Barriers and enablers to climate change adaptation in north-central Namibia
Place, wellbeing, and fairness are variables that can shape priorities for adaptation to climate change. Interactions between various actors, governance and larger socio-economic contexts also function as either barriers or enablers to climate change adaptation. In the context of Namibia, the complexity of the ‘adaptation environment’ stems from the presence of various existing challenges such as pervasive poverty, inequality (including gender disparities), education deficits and poor governance. A lack of capacity to adapt to climate change due to various financial, technological, institutional, informational and social barriers increases the underlying vulnerability of communities.
Autor(es) : Davies, Julia
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Key findings from ASSAR's regional Diagnostic study & intial research: Moyar Bhavani Sub-Region, Tamil Nadu Information brief
Our research focuses on identifying the most vulnerable populations and understanding the main drivers of vulnerability in the Moyar Bhavani sub-region. In particular, we investigate the implications of changing patterns of tribal and rural livelihoods on gendered vulnerability in the region.
Autor(es) :
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Avenues of understanding : mapping the intersecting barriers to adaptation in Namibia
This paper considers the barriers to climate change adaptation in Namibia through the lens of the ‘adaptation activity space’ – a framework that positions the adapting system in relation to its environment. For instance, although reasons for the slow adoption of novel farming practices are complex, the problem can be attributed to a policy framework for climate smart agriculture that is not matched with supportive resources needed on the ground. Thus, despite a relatively enabling national policy environment, adaptation efforts at the grassroots level have been incremental and reactive, comprising an array of short-term coping mechanisms and technological fixes.
Autor(es) : Davies, Julia Elaine, Spear, Dian, Ziervogel, Gina, Hegga, Salma, Angula, Margaret Ndapewa, Kunamewene, Irene, Togarepi, Cecil
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Using Transformative Scenario Planning to think critically about the future of agriculture and food security in the Upper West Region of Ghana an overview
In West Africa, ASSAR works in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid parts of Ghana and Mali — areas that are increasingly exposed to climatic extremes of droughts, floods and heavy rainfall. These changing conditions impact different people in different ways. For all living here, figuring out how to adapt to these uncertain circumstances is a challenging task that requires input from many different groups.
Autor(es) : Sidiki Alare, Rahinatu, Adiku, Prosper, Ansah, Prince, Mensah, Adelina, Tweneboah Lawson, Elaine, Thompson-Hall, Mary, Hoffman, Tali
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Villagization and access to water resources in the Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia : implications for climate change adaptation
Since the 1970s, the Government of Ethiopia has implemented villagization, whereby nomadic pastoralist groups are supported to develop sedentary lifestyles and livelihoods. Recently, villagization was reintroduced for arid and semi-arid regions as a strategy for adaptation to climate change, and as part of the country’s green growth agenda. The paper evaluates to what extent this phase of villagization has contributed to adaptation strategies among pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. It argues that villagization may play a role in some aspects of adaptation, if programmes address the drivers of livelihood change, and embed equity and rights.
Autor(es) : Degefu, Mekonnen Adnew, Assen, Mohammed, Satyal, Poshendra, Jessica, Budds
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Identifying climate risks and assessing differential vulnerability of communities in Ahmednagar and Aurangabad districts of Maharashtra
This study provides an example of how agricultural practices in rural Maharashtra are being transformed in response to changing climate and additional stresses brought on by non-climatic factors. It attempts to understand vulnerability in the context of social differentiation including gender, in selected villages in two districts in Maharashtra state. Through community engagement and use of the Community Driven Vulnerability Evaluation-Program designer tool (CoDriVE-PD) a fast and detailed assessment of climate risks and vulnerabilities can be made. Better understanding is needed to help design policies for adaptation and mitigation, while also designing projects that build adaptive capacities. Many of India’s drought-prone districts are in Maharashtra.
Autor(es) : D'Souza, Marcella, Awashti, Suchita, Nazareth, Divya, Bendapudi, Ramkumar, Rao, K. Bhavana
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Using transformative scenario planning to think critically about the future of water for productive use in Omusati, Namibia : July 2017
The report describes the process of Transformative Scenario Planning (TSP), and outcomes of the first workshop regarding current problems related to water in Omusati region. Participants most frequently pointed to inadequate water infrastructure and the lack of universal water access. They saw water harvesting as a crucial way to capture floodwater for use during times of drought. TSP enables politicians, civil servants, activists, businesspeople, trade unionists, academics, and leaders of other stakeholder groups to work together to construct a shared understanding and then to act on the basis of this understanding.
Autor(es) : ASSAR
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Livelihood vulnerability and adaptation in Kolar District, Karnataka, India : mapping risks and responses short report
During March and April 2016, ASSAR India’s researchers from the Indian Institute for Human Settlements (IIHS) conducted 18 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) in nine villages in Kolar District, Karnataka. The FGDs were gender-differentiated and ensured representation from different income groups, castes, and religions.
We undertook three activities during each FGD:
- A timeline exercise to chart biophysical, livelihoods, socio-economic, institutional and political changes from 1970 onwards.
- Risk and response mapping.
- An institutional mapping exercise to chart key actors and flows of information and credit.
Autor(es) : Singh, Chandni, Basu, Ritwika, Srinivas, Arjun, Halanaik, Bhavana, Andaleeb, Rahman, Madhushree, Munsi, Bazaz, Amir
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How do we assess vulnerability to climate change in India : a systematic review of literature
In India, several vulnerability assessment tools have been designed spanning multiple disciplines, by multiple actors, and at multiple scales. However, their conceptual, methodological, and disciplinary underpinnings, and resulting implications on who is identified as vulnerable, have not been interrogated. Addressing this gap, we systematically review peer-reviewed publications (n = 78) and grey literature (n = 42) to characterise how vulnerability to climate change is assessed in India. We frame our enquiry against four questions: (1) How is vulnerability conceptualised (vulnerability of whom/what, vulnerability to what), (2) who assesses vulnerability, (3) how is vulnerability assessed (methodology, scale), and (4) what are the implications of methodology on outcomes of the assessment. Our findings emphasise that methods to assess vulnerability to climate change are embedded in the disciplinary traditions, methodological approaches, and often-unstated motivations of those designing the assessment.
Autor(es) : Singh, Chandni, Deshpande, Tanvi, Basu, Ritwika
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How can climate change adaptation in the semi-arid regions of West Africa be more effective and widespread? Evidence from Ghana and Mali
This briefing note summarizes the key findings from the Regional Diagnostic Study (RDS) recently conducted in Ghana and Mali, as part of the ASSAR project.
Autor(es) :
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Differential household vulnerability to climatic and non-climatic stressors in semi-arid areas of Mali, West Africa
This study adopted a ‘vulnerability patterns’ framework that included both climatic and non-climatic stressors to analyze differential household vulnerability in semi-arid regions (SARs) of Mali. Findings showed that while drought was the most mentioned climate-related stressor, households were also exposed to a diversity of environmental and socio-economic stressors, including food scarcity, livestock disease, labour unavailability, crop damage, and erratic rainfall patterns. Availability of productive household members, household resource endowments, livelihood diversification and social networks were the main discriminant factors of household adaptive capacity, while challenges relating to food and water security make households more sensitive to stressors.
Autor(es) : Segnon, Alcade C., Totin, Edmond, Zougmoré, Robert B., Lokossou, Jourdain C., Thompson-Hall, Mary, Ofori, Benjamin O., Achigan-Dako, Enoch G., Gordon, Christopher
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Tajikistan country situation assessment
For Tajikistan, climate change is a part of daily reality, where the poor and marginalized are most vulnerable to its impacts such as melting of glaciers, and fluctuation of runoff with effects on hydropower production and agriculture. Climate risks seriously undermine agricultural development. The report summarises the current situation in development plans by section: (i) National development strategy; poverty reduction strategy; respective policies and plans; socioeconomic trends; (ii) Climate and development, including future risk challenges to key economic sectors and human health; (iii) Implications for adaptation. The key strategic document in relation to climate change policy in Tajikistan is the National Action Plan (NAP).
Autor(es) : Mustaeva, Nailya, Wyes, Heinrich, Mohr, Benjamin, Kayumov, Abdulkhamid
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Understanding climate change : information manual for communities in Omusati
This policy brief provides background information regarding climate change variability and vulnerabilities particular to Namibia. It also contains a disaster risk reduction game and a seasonal forecasting game that can hone strategic thinking about livelihood decisions. Current coping strategies include actively moving livestock to cattle posts or areas where emergency grazing is available. However, these measures are no longer adequate for coping with the expected long-term impacts of climate change. Some recommendations are: forming co-operatives among groups of men and women farmers, or among women only; anticipate early warnings; change planting and harvesting times; use social networks for assistance.
Autor(es) :
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Finding ways together to build resilience the vulnerability and risk assessment methodology
agriculture; food security; livelihoods; climate change adaptation; resilience; Vulnerability; risk; Social groups; Gender; Development; Landscape; Afghanistan; Armenia; Bangladesh; Botswana; Ghana; Myanmar; Philippines;
Autor(es) : Morchain, Daniel, Kelsey, Frances, Oxfam GB
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Building transformative capacity in southern Africa : surfacing knowledge and challenging structures through participatory vulnerability and risk assessments
Participatory assessments that recognise the social roots of vulnerability are critical in helping individuals and institutions rethink their understanding of, and responses to climate change impacts. This paper interrogates the contribution of Oxfam’s ‘Vulnerability and Risk Assessment’ methodology to enabling transformation at both personal and institutional levels. Capacity building should not be exclusively understood as, or aimed solely at building technical skills; leadership and process facilitation skills are key elements. The assessments take an initial step towards collaboratively identifying transformation pathways in development practices through adaptation responses.
Autor(es) : Morchain, Daniel, Spear, Dian, Ziervogel, Gina, Masundire, Hillary, Angula, Margaret N., Davies, Julia, Molefe, Chandapiwa, Hegga, Salma
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Barriers and enablers to climate adaptation : evidence from rural and urban India
Researchers from the Indian Institute for Human Settlements (IIHS) used focus group discussions, household surveys and life history interviews to collect information at settlement, household and intra-household levels in the rural districts of Kolar and Gulbarga and the urban district of Bangalore. While the current focus on watershed development with adaptation co-benefits is positive, it must be complemented by efforts to address the growing irrigation demand. Governance is a barrier to local adaptation. More than other factors, implementation of adaptation practices is slowed by the lack of staff especially at State and district levels.
Autor(es) : Singh, Chadni, Michael, Kavya, Bazaz, Amir
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People who once had 40 cattle are left only with fences : coping with persistent drought in Awash, Ethiopia
Control over land and water resources is critical in semi-arid environments. The paper uses the example of the semi-arid Awash region in North-Eastern Ethiopia, which has experienced drought and alien plant invasion. It explores how men and women adapt using changes in household structures, negotiating intra-household relations and resource access in contexts of social and environmental transition. Findings show the Afar people are shifting from pastoralism into agriculture and salaried employment. To improve the wellbeing of those heavily dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods, improved primary health services and strengthened productive and social safety net programs would help households recover from environmental shocks and stresses.
Autor(es) : Camfield, Laura, Leavy, Jen, Endale, Senait, Tefera, Tilahun
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Climate change vulnerability and risk analysis in the Bobirwa sub-district, Botswana : towards improving livelihood adaptation to climate short report
In November 2015, ASSAR’s southern Africa researchers – from the University of Botswana, University of Cape Town, University of Namibia and Oxfam GB – conducted a two-day Vulnerability Risk Assessment (VRA) workshop in Bobirwa, Botswana.
There are four steps that make up the VRA process, including:
- an initial vulnerability assessment,
- an impact chain exercise,
- an adaptive capacity analysis, and
- the alignment of findings with opportunities.
Autor(es) : Molefe, Chandapiwa, Masundire, Hillary
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Migration as a driver of changing household structures : implication for local livelihoods and adaptation
The paper studies the ways in which migration shapes and is shaped by household structures, and how these dynamics in household composition affect people’s adaptive capacity in rural and urban areas in South India. Overall migration typically involves higher workloads for women, whether they are left behind in the village or migrate into urban spaces. Often rural-to-urban migrants move into precarious situations: they inhabit low lying areas prone to local flooding; their housing is often temporary and illegal; they enter informal and often dangerous jobs. This paper adds to the literature on translocality and its impacts on household risk management and well-being.
Autor(es) : Singh, Chandni
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Vulnerability and risk assessment in Omusati region in Namibia : fostering people-centred adaptation to climate change
The vulnerability assessment analyzes the levels of exposure and sensitivity of a social group, or a livelihood activity, in relation to pre-agreed key hazards and issues. The aim is to achieve a clearer understanding of who and what is vulnerable, including values for exposure and sensitivity to hazards such as drought and floods. This paper provides details of the assessment process and results. The Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA) with Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) aims to build the resilience of vulnerable populations and their livelihoods in three climate change hot spots in Africa and Asia.
Autor(es) : Hegga, Salma, Ziervogel, Gina, Angula, Margaret, Spear, Dian, Nyamwanza, Admire, Ndeunyema, Elizabeth, Kunamwene, Irene, Togarepi, Cecil, Morchain, Daniel
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Transformation in adaptation : learning from ASSAR’s Regional diagnostic studies
This paper commences with a background discussion of the terms associated with transformation, draws on this to build a conceptual framework for comparing activities, highlights a range of activities from the regions that could be classified in different ways as embodying transformation, and reflects on some of their implications and complexities.
Autor(es) : Few, Roger, Bendapudi, Ramkumar, Mensah, Adelina, Spear, Dian
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Role of farmers and organizational networks in climate information communication : the case of Ghana
Communication of climate information to farmers is influenced by collaborations between governmental organizations and nongovernmental organizations. However, information flow and exchange through organizational collaboration networks has limited effect on improving farmers’ knowledge about climate risks, impacts and available risk response options. This is largely because the feedback flow of information from farmers to national level organizations has not been effective in addressing localized climate and agriculture challenges. Using network analysis as an analytical framework, the paper estimated networks’ core-periphery, density, reciprocity and degree centrality. There is insufficient engagement of national organizations in funding projects on climate information generation and dissemination.
Autor(es) : Ofoegbu, Chidiebere, New, Mark
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Key findings from ASSAR's regional diagnostic study & initial reserach : Sangamner sub-region, Maharashtra Information brief
By creating demand for rural products, increasing employment opportunities, and enabling remittances from migrants, urbanisation can play a positive role in reducing rural poverty. In Maharashtra, government, private and civil society actors are taking steps to use information technology to provide weather, crop and market-related services to farmers. The drought-proneness of Maharashtra adversely affects farming productivity and leads to low cropping yields. Thus, drought management is one of the key strategies for agricultural development in these regions. By providing farmers with timely, reliable, and useful information, weather advisory services have the potential to reduce vulnerability to both climatic and non-climatic risks.
Autor(es) :
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Effects of droughts on vegetation condition and ecosystem service delivery in data-poor areas : a case of Bobirwa sub-district, Limpopo Basin and Botswana
Findings of this study indicate that the increased frequency and severity of droughts is diminishing natural vegetation, crop productivity and several provisioning ecosystem services (ES) through moisture stress and drought-induced agricultural expansions. There is an urgent need for smallholder irrigation development in Bobirwa sub-district (Botswana) to improve crop productivity and reduce the drought-induced conversion of woodlands to agriculture. The study examined drought dynamics and impacts on vegetation and ES in the semi-arid Limpopo Basin of Botswana. Weather station precipitation, remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and participatory mapping exercises provided data for the analyses.
Autor(es) : Mugari, Ephias, Masundire, Hillary, Bolaane, Maitseo
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Preparing for transformative scenario planning in Botswana
The future of land management and water management in Bobirwa (Botswana) were highlighted in a transformative scenario planning (TSP) workshop. The TSP project involved farmers, researchers, meteorological office representatives, conservation officers and scenario team facilitators. TSP participants are encouraged to see the system and their roles in it from different angles. The aim is to increase trust between participants and allow them to work together more empathically and efficiently. This working paper outlines the scenario planning process. Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) investigates root causes of vulnerability towards effective and sustained adaptation.
Autor(es) : Molefe, Chandapiwa
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Identifying hotspots in land use land cover change and the drivers in a semi-arid region of India
This in-depth study quantifies the spatio-temporal long-term land use/land cover change (LUCC) in the Mula Pravara river basin, and uncovers major drivers of these changes. The river basin is located in a semi-arid region of Maharashtra state, India. The study demonstrates the advantages of using satellite remote-sensing techniques to monitor LUCC, which is useful for predicting future land use development and for providing evidence to underpin adaptation strategies. Overdependence on groundwater could have serious implications for sustaining agriculture in the region; groundwater regulation should be prioritized by implementing the Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act, 2009.
Autor(es) : Duraisamy, Vijayasekaran, Bendapudi, Ramkumar, Jadhav, Ajit
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What will global warming of 1.5°C and 2°C above pre-industrial levels mean for semi-arid regions?
To determine how semi-arid regions might be affected by different global warming scenarios, Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) researchers used data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) CMIP5 multi-model archive to analyse projected temperature and rainfall changes in Africa and India at 1.5°C and 2.0°C above pre-industrial levels. This one-page brief summarises the key messages emerging from this research.
Autor(es) : ASSAR
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Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the semi-arid regions of East Africa
This report summarises key findings from the regional diagnostic study (RDS) of the ASSAR East Africa team, and identifies major gaps in the existing literature on areas of vulnerability and adaptation in East Africa. The discussion provides the foundation for detailed case study work planned for the major phase of research, the Regional Research Programme (RRP), as well as an underpinning guide to develop a dialogue on adaptation options.
Autor(es) : Few, Roger, Satyal, Poshendra, McGahey, Daniel, Leavy, Jennifer, Budds, Jessica, Assen, Mohammed, Camfield, Laura, Loubser, Dave, Adnew, Mekonnen, Bewket, Wolde
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Temperatures and rainfall extremes change under current and future global warming levels across Indian climate zones
This detailed study analyzes the changes in extreme temperature and precipitation events at annual timescales over different climatic zones of India under stringent stabilization targets (RCP4.5) as well as the unmitigated scenario (RCP8.5), estimated from the coupled model inter-comparison project (CMIP5). Annual total precipitation and heavy rainfall-related extreme indices show statistically significant increases in tropical, temperate and semi-arid regions, moving from 1 °C to 3 °C warming level (RCP8.5 scenario). Climate extremes will have far-reaching impacts on social and economic statuses of the respective climate zones. It demands response from national and state action plans on climate change and adaptation in order to create integrated policy decisions.
Autor(es) : Yaduvanshi, Aradhana, Nkemelang, Tiro, Bendapudi, Ramkumar, New, Mark
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Climate change, ecosystem services and adaptation in East Africa's semi-arid regions early diagnostics of critical knowledge
The policy brief highlights some key regional diagnostic study (RDS) findings and describes their implications on ecosystem services as part of ASSAR’s (Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions) long-term research agenda. Limits to adaptation at the regional level result from the dynamic interaction between biophysical and socio-economic constraints; yet in many socio-ecological contexts these barriers remain poorly understood. In East Africa, adaptation initiatives are still very much directed towards sectors rather than specific types of ecosystems, reflecting the sectoral structure of government departments and or non-governmental actors working on climate change adaptation.
Autor(es) : McGahey, Daniel
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Vertical integration for climate change adaptation in the water sector : lessons from decentralisation in Africa and India
Despite intentions, decentralisation in the water sector has not often resulted in enhancing local decision-making. Vertical integration, which creates strategic linkages between national and sub-national levels, is being promoted as another strategy for climate change adaptation. Based on four case studies in semi-arid regions in Africa and India, the paper focuses on participation and flexibility, two central components of climate change adaptation, and considers how decentralisation has enhanced or undermined these. Coordination and collaboration across all levels and sectors (“cross-scalar”) need to be improved to strengthen adaptation to climate variability and change.
Autor(es) : Ziervogel, Gina, Satyal, Poshendra, Basu, Ritwika, Mensah, Adelina, Chandni, Singh, Hegga, Salma, Abu, Thelma Zulfawu
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Vulnerability and risk analysis in the Onesi constituency, Omusati region, Namibia : towards improving livelihood adaptation to climate change
The wellbeing and livelihoods of communities in areas such as the Omusati Region rely on rain-fed agriculture and livestock rearing; have limited employment opportunities; depend on activities that are sensitive to the impacts of climate change; face high levels of poverty; are exposed to high levels of HIV/AIDS; and are affected by limited institutional capacity and weak resource governance. The workshop created a visual representation of the consequences of individual climate hazards, allowing the Vulnerability Risk Assessment Knowledge Group (KG) to assess possible future impacts. Solutions and strategies that build resilience and help people to adapt to vulnerabilities were also proposed.
Autor(es) : Hegga, Salma
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Perceptions of ecosystem services provision performance in the face of climate change among communities in Bobirwa sub-district, Botswana
This study provides recent knowledge and evidence of consequences of environmental change on semi-arid to arid landscapes and communities. Analyses were centred on changes in seasonal quantities, seasonality, condition of ecosystem service sites, distance to ecosystem service sites and total area providing these services in three study villages. Woodlands provided the greatest number of ecosystem services. Results show that adverse weather conditions, drought frequency, changes in land-use and/or land-cover have intensified in the past decade. The climate change burden interacts with other non-climatic drivers to further constrain the ecosystem-based livelihood options leaving those highly dependent on the natural environment even more vulnerable.
Autor(es) : Mugari, Ephias, Masundire, Hillary, Bolaane, Maitseo, New, Mark
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When participation in not enough : lessons from decentralised water governance in Namibia
This Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) study shows that although participation of local actors is a key tenet of decentralisation, in reality it can be tokenistic or non-existent. In Namibia, rural communities’ Water Point Associations run and maintain water points. Water Point Committees consist of volunteers with members responsible for opening taps and collecting user fees. Most have high levels of illiteracy and live in poverty; they find it difficult to balance their water point responsibilities with doing what they need to survive, such as farming. Effective water governance requires clear division of responsibilities and proper platforms for coordination.
Autor(es) : Bosworth, Brendon, Hegga, Salma, Ziervogel, Gina
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Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the semi-arid regions of West Africa
This report, which encompasses the findings of a Regional Diagnostic Study (RDS) for West Africa, was undertaken in 2014-15 to advance understanding of climate change in semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia. The RDS represents the first phase of a research effort under the Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) project. ASSAR is one of four consortia generating new knowledge of climate change hotspots under the Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA1). The ASSAR project operates in Western, Eastern and Southern Africa and Western India. The ASSAR focal countries in Africa are Ghana, Mali, Ethiopia, Kenya, Botswana, and Namibia, and in India the focal states are Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.
Autor(es) : Padgham, Jon, Abubakari, Ahmed, Ayivor, Jesse, Dietrich, Katie, Fosu-Mensah, Benidicta, Gordon, Chris, Habtezion, Senay, Lawson, Elaine, Mensah, Adelina, Nukpezah, Dan, Ofori, Ben, Piltz, Shayne, Sidibé, Amadou, Sissoko, Manda, Totin, Edmond, Traoré, Sibiry
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Can climate information salvage livelihoods in arid and semiarid lands? : an evaluation of access, use and impact in Namibia
The study evaluates the impact of climate information on adaptive capacity and food security. The survey of 653 households showed that half of the households receiving climate information rated it as insufficient for decision-making, and relied on traditional knowledge. The main channels were radio and farmer’s peers, but trust was low. Effective response to climate information for risk mitigation will require enhanced community awareness of available adaptive choices, development of market value chains, institutional support like extension services, and improvement of rural road and communication infrastructure.
Autor(es) : Gitonga, Zachary M., Visser, Martine, Mulwa, Chalmers
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Dimensions of vulnerability in rural and urban areas : a case of migrants in Karnataka
The high growth regime in India during the last two decades has been widely critiqued for its apparently exclusionary development process that has rendered agrarian livelihoods untenable. When combined with climatic stressors – like changing rainfall and increasing temperature – this unviability of rural agrarian livelihoods has led to increased out-migration to the cities. However, the lack of opportunities in agriculture has not been compensated by increased quality job opportunities in urban areas. This structural imbalance has created a mass exodus of rural workers necessitated to engage in precarious city jobs.
Autor(es) : Michael, Kavya, Singh, Chandni, Deshpande, Tanvi, Bazaz, Amir
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Exploring methodological approaches to assess climate change vulnerability and adaptation : reflections from using life history approaches
In this paper, researchers draw on life history (LH) interviews across four countries (Kenya, Namibia, Ghana, and India) to offer a way of expanding current methodological approaches on vulnerability and adaptation. LHs challenge assumptions about how and why people respond to multiple risks, and offer a nuanced understanding of adaptation processes. They provide insight into the multiple and interacting nature of drivers of behaviour; they highlight intra-household dynamics; and, LHs support explorations of past decisions, present situations, and future aspirations. There is a tendency to identify barriers and describe which types they are, rather than how they interact and shape adaptive responses.
Autor(es) : Singh, Chandni, Tebboth, Mark, Spear, Dian, Ansah, Prince, Mensah, Adelina
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Mapping out stakeholder influence on the implementation of climate change adaptation in Namibia Short report
Strategies or plans aimed at supporting climate change adaptation can be improved with increased understanding of the influence of state and non-state actors across governance scales in enabling and preventing the implementation of adaptation measures.
Autor(es) : Hegga, Salma
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Multi-scale governance in agriculture systems : interplay between national and local institutions around the production dimension of food security in Mali
Overall, ensuring food security may require a synergy of interventions – the use of innovative agricultural technologies alongside the creation of an enabling institutional environment. This paper aims to contribute to the diagnostic of institutional variety across scales. It aims at understanding what institutional logics at different scales are “good at” in terms of creating and sustaining enabling institutional environments for food production and subsequent food security. What is the mechanism through which conducive institutional conditions are created that could enable increases in productivity? The paper documents the institutional logics of three case studies.
Autor(es) : Sidibe, Amadou, Totin, Edmond, Thompson-Hall, Mary, Traoré, Oumar T., Sibiry Traoré, Pierre C., Schmitt Olabisi, Laura
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Nkene elunduluko lyonkalo yombepo lya guma oshitopolwa shomonoolika yaNamibia
Autor(es) : Davies, Julia
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Assessing climate change risks and contextual vulnerability in urban areas of semi-arid India the case of Bangalore
This paper disaggregates multiple climate change-urban linkages into key components through a generic ‘urban risk framework’. It further contextualises this framework within a fast-growing city (Bangalore) environment, in a semi-arid ecosystem to demonstrate the range of risks and vulnerabilities that are both unique and generic to many other Indian cities. It elucidates the ‘sensitivity’ and argues that the risk management framework could be used as a lever to bring elements of adaptation and mitigation responses together so that existing and emerging climatic and non-climatic risks can be addressed.
Autor(es) : Basu, Ritwika, Bazaz, Amir
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Managing risk, changing aspirations and household dynamics : implications for wellbeing and adaptation in semi-arid Africa and India
Drawing on evidence from six countries in semi-arid regions, the paper examines how changes in household dynamics, structure and aspirations shape risk management, with implications for household well-being, adaptive capacity and sustainable development. The study identifies entry points for enabling inclusive adaptation behaviour. It emphasizes that interventions should benefit both women and men by challenging inequitable social and gender norms and renegotiating the domains of work and cooperation to maintain household wellbeing. Increasing climate variability already impacts food production, water availability and ecosystem function, imposing significant risks to human and natural systems especially in hotspot regions.
Autor(es) : Rao, Nitya, Singh, Chandni, Solomon, Divya, Camfield, Laura, Sidiki, Rahina, Angula, Margaret, Poonacha, Prathigna, Sidibe, Amadou, Lawson, Elaine T.
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Vulnerability to groundwater drought in semi-arid areas of western Ahmednagar District, India
When groundwater storage capacities and water-flow potential is low, inconsistent and highly variable, and when these aquifer characteristics intersect with low levels of rainfall and unsustainable water-use patterns, they have the potential to severely cripple agrarian livelihoods and compromise people’s wellbeing. These hardships can be further aggravated by existing social vulnerabilities and inequities, such as those tied to gender, age, socio-economic status and caste. Making matters even worse are market price fluctuations, decreasing land holding sizes due to fragmentation of households, and the high dependence of farmers on loans to meet the increasing input costs of agriculture.
Autor(es) : Thomas, Renie, Duraisamy, Vijayasekaran, Scodanibbio, Lucia, Hoffman, Tali, Misquitta, Karan
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Harnessing diverse knowledge and belief systems to adapt to climate change in semi-arid rural Africa
This study in Bobirwa subdistrict in Botswana investigates the role of traditional norms and religious beliefs in the use of place-based and national meteorological forecasting to inform adaptative behaviour. Results show farmers use diverse combinations of sources of information. As well, some religious beliefs and traditional norms prevent the use of national meteorological forecasts. To enable more successful adaptation, climate information needs to integrate place-based and national meteorological information. Recommendations on appropriate agricultural practices can be developed together with, and disseminated through traditional and religious leaders.
Autor(es) : Spear, Dian, Selato, Janet C., Mosime, Bonolo, Nyamwanza, Admire M.
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Understanding vulnerability and adaptation in semi-arid areas in Botswana
In this context, researchers from the ASSAR project have sought to better understand the
current status of vulnerability and adaptation in semi-arid areas in Botswana and the current barriers to adaptation. As part of the ASSAR project, researchers reviewed
the literature on vulnerability and adaptation in semi-arid areas in southern Africa and interviewed key informants at national, sub-national and local levels of government as well as community members.
Autor(es) :
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Mental models of food security in rural Mali
This exploratory work aims to develop a nuanced understanding of food security and adaptive behaviours to current challenges to food security at the household level. It focuses on inter- and intra-family behavioural dynamics in rural, southern Mali. The Sahel countries are acutely vulnerable to food insecurity concerns and Mali is emblematic of this problem. The models used in this study suggest that food security in rural Mali is at risk due to the influence of external challenges on traditional behaviours, and lack of corresponding behavioural adaptation.
Autor(es) : Rivers III, Louie, Sanga, Udita, Paudel, Rajiv, Yoro Sidibé, Amadou, Ligmann-Ziellinska, Arika, Wood, Alexa, Marquart-Pyatt, Sandra T., Schmitt Olabisi, Laura, Jing Du, Eric, Liverpool-Tasie, Saweda
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Gendered challenges of food security : stories and lessons from ASSAR
When it comes to food security, young women’s labour and time are disproportionately affected by the decisions of other household members, thus affecting their children as well. For example, in patriarchal households in Mali, and based on how decisions around food are made, younger women may be more food insecure than others. Subsidies that help people shift their farming practices can have unintended long-term consequences on food security. In semi-arid areas, the scarcity and expense of clean water can affect people’s health and nutrition. This policy brief suggests that vulnerable women and young men be included in farm subsidy planning.
Autor(es) :
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From abandonment to autonomy : gendered strategies for coping with climate change, Isiolo County, Kenya
The paper explores the implications of changing household structures in particular the loosening of marriage ties, and frequent separation and regrouping on relational vulnerability and the micro-politics of adaptation in the region. In semi-arid Kenya, persistent drought has made male incomes from pastoralism insecure, and contributed to women’s growing engagement with trade, farming and other independent enterprises for survival. Polygamy, separation and consensual unions, multi-generational and multi-locational households, point to a growing diversity in gender and generational relationships, in rights, responsibilities and norms.
Autor(es) : Rao, Nitya
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Gendered vulnerabilities to climate change insights from the semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia Information brief
Vulnerabilities to impacts of climate change are gendered. Still, policy approaches aimed at strengthening local communities’ adaptive capacity largely fail to recognise the gendered nature of everyday realities and experiences.
Autor(es) : Rao, Nitya, Lawson, Elaine T., Raditioaneng, Wapula N., Solomon, Divya, Angula, Margaret N.
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Impacts of 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming on regional rainfall and temperature change across India
For a country like India with a primarily agrarian economy, limiting warming to 1.5 °C leads to two key questions: what does the global rise of temperature (1.5 °C and 2.0 °C) mean at the regional scale? and; what are the implications of keeping warming at or below 1.5 °C in particular for agriculture and water resources? Regional level analysis can provide a more segregated picture than a global one based on combined metrics. Details of this study show the distribution of predicted values of changes in regional annual rainfall for the 29 States of India obtained using the 78 General Circulation Model (GCM) models Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 8.5) and 105 GCM models (RCP 4.5).
Autor(es) : Yaduvanshi, Aradhana, Zaroug, Modathir, Bendapudi, Ramkumar, New, Mark
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Preparing for Transformative scenario planning (TSP) in Namibia - Short report on the TSP Training in Windhoek 30-31 May 2016
Transformative Scenario Planning (TSP) is an approach that brings concerned stakeholders from different, often conflicting, perspectives together around pressing sets of problems to build stories that illustrate a range of potential futures that could come from taking different paths for dealing with those issues.
The topic selected was: The future of food security in Namibia. This topic was selected in light of the current drought being experienced in the country and how this could impact Namibia’s food security.
Autor(es) : Shalumbu, Bernadette, Spear, Dian
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Climate change communication for adaptation : mapping communication pathways in semi-arid regions to identify research priorities
The accessibility of climate information for marginalised groups can vary significantly according to the approach taken. This paper reviews the literature on climate adaptation communications challenges in the drylands of Africa and Asia. It maps out the current state of knowledge on how climate change information is communicated, accessed and used for adaptation in these areas. Top-down generation of technical climate information with limited local level utility has prompted a more recent shift towards more people-centred climate risk and decision making. Semi-arid developing world regions have been identified as zones of historic marginalisation, with acute human vulnerability to climate change.
Autor(es) : McGahey, D.J., Lumosi, C.K.
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Using transformative scenario planning as a way to think differently about the future of land use in Bobirwa, Botswana
A widely held belief in Bobira is that private land is more fertile than communal land. What came to light through the workshop information sharing is that there is no difference in the type of soil in villages compared to freehold land. Any difference in soil quality is a result of how the land has been used and managed over the years. Transformative Scenario Planning (TSP) is designed for situations in which people’s perceptions of a problem, and perhaps of one another, have become stuck. This short report is designed to help stakeholders understand how the TSP process was facilitated and applied in Botswana.
Autor(es) : Perez, Teresa
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Moving in and out of vulnerability : interrogating migration as an adaptation strategy along a rural-urban continuum in India
Drawing on life history interviews, the paper explores the role of migration and commuting in addressing livelihood vulnerability along a rural–urban continuum in Karnataka, India. Using life histories as a methodological tool can complement econometric approaches, allowing for in‐depth and temporally sensitive inquiry into the drivers and consequences of migration. The study locates present‐day vulnerability in Kolar and Gulbarga as points on a regionally differentiated development pathway. Both Kolar and Gulbarga are sites of prominent out-migration due to their geographical contexts. Findings show drivers of migration are based on livelihood expectations, and perceived lack of opportunities in rural areas.
Autor(es) : Singh, Chandni, Basu, Ritwika
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Planning for climate change in the semi-arid regions of Southern Africa - June 2015
Semi-arid areas in Southern Africa are characterised by high rainfall variability, frequent droughts, low soil moisture and extreme events such as flash floods. These conditions provide the foundation of vulnerability of communities in these areas. It is therefore essential to understand how to enhance the ability of communities, local organisations and governments in Southern Africa to adapt to climate change in a way that minimises vulnerability and promotes long-term resilience.
Autor(es) :
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