Gender Inclusive Vaccine Distribution and Delivery Systems for Newcastle Disease and Peste des Petits Ruminants Among Smallholder Farmers in Kenya
Women smallholder livestock farmers are hindered in accessing and using livestock vaccines due to low levels of awareness, high acquisition costs, accessibility, and unequal gender relations at the household level. As a result of these barriers, women’s sources of livelihood become endangered when their stock are attacked by diseases such as Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), which affects small ruminants such as goats, and Newcastle disease (ND), which affects poultry.
This project will focus on ND and PPR vaccines in Kenya. The group dynamics of existing women’s groups and cooperatives will be leveraged to empower them with knowledge of these diseases, the benefits of vaccines, financial and market analysis training, access to vaccines, and access to animal health services and markets. It aims to strengthen women’s economic empowerment by increasing their asset base and purchasing power. It also seeks to improve household food and nutrition security.
The study seeks to increase women’s participation in the livestock vaccine distribution chain by addressing and reducing barriers that hinder them, such as gender, social, and cultural norms and practices. It focuses on poultry and small ruminants, which are important for women’s economic empowerment, through the incremental accumulation of resources, which in turn would allow them to purchase and own small ruminants or higher-value species.
The project uses an experimental design with six intervention arms to test whether adding technical and gender educational components to vaccine delivery can address the gender-based constraints and social norms that prevent women from accessing and benefiting from livestock vaccines. It will also address vaccine awareness and access.
This project is supported by the Livestock Vaccine Innovation Fund (LVIF), a partnership of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Global Affairs Canada, and IDRC. LVIF represents a joint investment of CA$57 million over five years to support the development, production, and commercialization of innovative vaccines against priority livestock diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Project ID
109063
Project Status
Active
Duration
36 months
IDRC Officer
Evelyn Baraké
Total Funding
CA$ 1,551,000.00
Location
Kenya
Programs
Climate-Resilient Food Systems
Livestock Vaccine Innovation Fund
Institution Country
Kenya
Project Leader
Isaac Nyamongo
Institution
The Co-operative University of Kenya
Institution Website
Institution Country
Kenya
Project Leader
Judith Chemuliti
Institution
Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization
Institution Website
Institution Country
Kenya
Project Leader
Salome Bukachi
Institution
University of Nairobi
Institution Website
Outputs
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Annex 16 – Farmer training report Report
The GIVE research project team conducted a farmer training exercise between January 18th and February 6th 2021 in all six intervention sites (wards). The training objectives were to: (i) Enhance smallholder chicken and goat farmer’s knowledge and practical skills in livestock husbandry and effective control of Newcastle disease and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (ii) Co-create gender and nutrition dialogue spaces within the community and; (iii) Enhance farmers’ knowledge on cooperative formation and entrepreneurial skills necessary to start, manage and sustain a chicken/shoats farming enterprise. The content in the training manuals was partly informed by the farmers’ needs identified from the baseline surveys. The training lasted for three consecutive days in each intervention site and focused on three key and interrelated components of the GIVE project, i.e.: (i) animal husbandry and vaccines, (ii) entrepreneurship and cooperatives, and (iii) gender and nutrition aspects. Author(s): The GIVE project Language: English |
Report on research project team inception and sensitization meeting Report
The objectives of the meeting were to build a common vision and understanding of the Gender Inclusive Vaccine Ecosystem (GIVE) project; work plan preparation and monitoring framework; refining the methodology; and defining roles and responsibilities of each team member. The meeting also sought to review, discuss and refine the data collection tools, and the terms of reference for project consultants. Masters students were also given a chance to present their proposals to the team. Author(s): Bukachi, Salome Language: English |
Livestock vaccine innovation fund : inception workshop for gender inclusive vaccine distribution and delivery systems projects : workshop held in Nairobi Report
The workshop process was a combination of presentations, plenary and group discussions over the three days. It was attended by 28 participants from four project teams, led by a facilitator team drawn from IDRC Canadian and Kenyan representatives. Presentations covered quality vaccines and good handling practices; communication strategies; project management; training and awareness; vaccine value chain analysis; and joint research activities. Author(s): Nyangaga, Julius Language: English |
Gender integration training workshop report Report
The Gender Inclusive Vaccine Ecosystem (GIVE) project is focused on women smallholder farmers. This two-day gender interaction training workshop was conducted for the fifteen GIVE project team members. Workshop participants were provided with approaches to gender inclusivity and a detailed outline of “How to Do Gender Analysis” including the Harvard Framework. As well, socio-cultural aspects of family poultry production were discussed along with social and gender norms. This document provides a detailed agenda for the workshop Author(s): Bukachi, Salome Language: English |
Report on training workshop for baseline data collection tools and pre-test exercise Report
The Gender Inclusive Vaccine Ecosystem (GIVE) project team organized a five-day data collection training workshop that involved a pretest exercise of the qualitative and quantitative tools to be used in the baseline survey. The purpose of the workshop was to: introduce the survey tools to the project team; train the team on administration of the tools to ensure uniformity in data collection; review and validate the final baseline study tools; prepare the project team for the baseline survey, and; plan for the baseline data collection exercise. Author(s): Bukachi, Salome Language: English |
Women’s empowerment and intra-household gender dynamics and practices around sheep and goat production in South East Kenya Article
Small ruminant production facets like decision-making, ownership, labour allocation, access to- and control over assets are gendered. This study investigates intra-household gender dynamics and practices around sheep and goat production among smallholder farmers in South East region of Kenya. A quantitative study was conducted on 358 dual-headed (married) households to generate gender- disaggregated data on ownership, decision-making and labour allocation around small ruminant production. Qualitative data was collected through focused group discussions to bring out the community perspectives. From the findings, the average number of small ruminants owned by the households as reported by men was slightly higher than women. The average number of small ruminants solely owned by men was significantly higher than by women. Men reported a relatively higher number of jointly owned small ruminants compared to women. More women than men reported that they could give as a gift, sell-off and slaughter jointly owned small ruminants without consulting their spouses. Small ruminants were considered the most important livestock asset in supporting a household’s livelihood by relatively more women than men. Men had more decision-making autonomy over jointly owned small ruminants compared to women. Production tasks around small ruminants such as feeding, watering, selling milk and cleaning housing structures were mostly performed by the women. Qualitative data identified men as the de facto owners of small ruminants with a higher power position in making the important production decisions. The study offers three implications on the design of livestock interventions to empower women, the interventions should ensure that; 1) women are not just owners of livestock assets but also share power and decision-making rights in all aspects of production, 2) production labour is shared equitably between men and women and, 3) women access benefits from livestock production even when animals are owned by men. Author(s): Ogolla, Kennedy O., Chemuliti, Judith K., Ngutu, Mariah, Kimani, Winnie W., Anyona, Douglas N., Nyamongo, Isaac K., Bukachi, Salome A. Language: English |
Annex 8a - Stakeholder mapping report Study
The Gender Inclusive Vaccine Ecosystem (GIVE) project is a 3-years’ action research that seeks to enhance the distribution and delivery system for Newcastle disease and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia vaccines among smallholder farmers in Makueni County, Kenya. To identify norms that hinder women from participating in the poultry production chain and map out the stakeholders involved, qualitative data was collected through mixed and gender disaggregated Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with smallholder chicken farmers and local leaders. Participants were purposively selected based on knowledge of subject matter and being indigenous members of the study site. Local leaders were considered to be cultural custodians, gatekeepers and knowledgeable of the institutions or actors that influence norms. A total of 18 FGD session (three sessions in each of the six intervention sites) were conducted and each FGD sessions took between 105 minutes and 120 minutes. Author(s): The GIVE project Language: English |
Annex 18 - Dynamics and power of collective action in gender equity of livestock technology Brief
Smallholder indigenous chicken farmers suffer the disadvantages of low economies of scale in production, and weak bargaining power as individual actors in the marketing of their produce. These risks compromise their livelihood sources but also the dietary diversity and nutrition security for their households. Unequal gender relations at micro and meso levels may exacerbate the challenges that smallholder farmers face. In Makueni County, livestock keeping have a high potential to economically empower women smallholder farmers yet diseases like Newcastle Disease (ND), Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and unequal gender relations undermine this potential. In response to these, the GIVE research project seeks to enhance the access and distribution of livestock vaccines through collective action especially co-operatives and groups. Author(s): The GIVE project Language: English |
Report on socio-economic, cultural, structural and technical barriers in access to Newcastle Disease (ND) and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCP) vaccines, Kenya Study
Author(s): The GIVE project Language: English |
Annex 19 - Gender-based factors in adoption of ND and CCPP vaccines along the vaccine value chain among female smallholder farmers in Makueni County Study
Author(s): The GIVE project Language: English |
Annex 10 - Gender and nutrition training manual for smallholder farmers : co-creating gender and nutrition dialogue spaces with the community Training Materials
This training manual contains six modules for smallholder farmers. The modules cover the topics of sex vs. gender, social constructs of gender, gender roles and stereotypes, gender division of labour, malnutrition in the community, and improving the minimum acceptable diet. Author(s): The GIVE project Language: English |
Annex 11 - Gender inclusive vaccine ecosystem (GIVE project) : gender and nutrition training manual for smallholder farmers resource materials Training Materials
This training manual provides scenarios to participants for role-playing genders in the household. It also provides information about nutrition and diet and examines some of the myths about these topics. Food posters are included in the manual. Author(s): The GIVE project Language: English |
Annex 13 - Timely vaccination against Newcastle Disease can improve productivity of village chicken Training Materials
This brochure contains information about vaccinating chickens against Newcastle disease. Author(s): The GIVE project Language: English |
Annex 14 - When farmers organize themselves into a co-operative, they are able to solve their problems or take advantage of opportunities together Training Materials
This brochure presents the benefits for farmers of organizing into co-operatives. Co-operatives help farmers to solve problems and take advantage of opportunities together. Author(s): The GIVE project Language: English |
Annex 15 – Household and community nutrition Training Materials
This brochure contains information about household and community nutrition, malnutrition, and handwashing. Author(s): The GIVE project Language: English |
GIVE: enhancing the capacity of women smallholder goat and poultry farmers to access and utilize CCPP and Newcastle Disease vaccines Training Materials
Author(s): The GIVE project Language: English |
Annex 8 - Training manual for smallholder chicken and goat farmers in Makueni County Training Materials
This manual is for use in training smallholder chicken and goat farmers. It is intended to furnish the farmers with technical knowledge needed to start and run a profitable chicken and goat enterprises in Makueni County. Because there are different levels of farmers in the county (some at advanced commercial stage while others still at subsistence level), the current manual is designed to cater for all the cadres but with a focus on smallholder chicken producers who are the majority in the county. The farmers will be trained and guided by experts on important aspects of chicken production using verbal lectures, visual demonstrations, illustrations, hands-on practical work and will be given a farmers’ information handbook that contains diagrams, photographs, and illustrations for future reference. This will help them in designing chicken housing and making quick diagnosis of common poultry diseases in the area and thereby initiating appropriate action. Author(s): University of Nairobi, Cooperative University of Kenya, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization Language: English |
Annex 9 - Livestock farmers training manual : a practical guide for livestock farming Training Materials
The focus of the training is to enhance the capacity of chicken farmers with entrepreneurial skills necessary to build successful and sustainable chicken farming. The training aims at equipping chicken and shoat farmers with basic business skills to start, manage and sustain a chicken/shoat farming enterprise through a learning-by-doing practical approach. The programme aims at developing livestock farmers’ (mainly chicken and shoats) skills and competencies in business while improving their knowledge, filling their information gap, changing their attitudes towards chicken and shoat farming as a business and rearing them specifically for the market. This programme aims at transforming farmers’ attitudes towards chicken and shoats farming and becoming demand responsive. Farmers will, in small groups, learn how to identify venture opportunities, manage, and grow the business, identify, and target markets hence make livestock farming much more profitable. They will also get to know the benefits of group entrepreneurship (in form of cooperatives). Author(s): Kiganane, Lucy M., Waweru, Kennedy M., Okinda, Obadiah Language: English |
Annex 8b - Report on norms that hinder women from owning and participating and benefitting from the livestock vaccine value chain Study
A community’s shared standards of acceptable behaviour as well as gender norms and relations may affect an individuals’ capacity to own, use livestock, engage and participate in livestock production and vaccine value chain. For instance, dynamics in livestock ownership, gender roles and decision making at the household and community level may have an effect on access to relevant information, decision making on product sale, incentives from relevant actors or motivation to engage in or participate in livestock production and veterinary services. With this bearing, the GIVE project team, through focus group discussions sought to identify the norms that hinder women from owning and using livestock, participating in and benefiting from the livestock vaccine value chain and utilizing vaccines to improve productivity for their livestock. Author(s): The GIVE project Language: English |
Annex 7 - Report of group and co-operative leaders training on marketing and networking Study
The GIVE project team conducted training sessions for cooperative and group leaders on Marketing and Networking across all the six intervention sites. The training was conducted over a 12-day period, in two parts of 6 days each staggered a month apart. The training attendees included leaders of different poultry rearing and self-help groups, interim officials of newly formed farmer cooperatives and management committee members of existing farmer cooperatives. The training aimed at equipping the leaders with marketing and procurement skills core in marketing their chickens collectively and on collective acquisition of farm inputs to leverage on the economies of scale. The training also sought to link the leaders with market players who buy chickens and those who supply farm inputs as a way of ensuring sustainability of cooperatives/groups. Training on gender aimed in equipping the trainees with knowledge on the importance of considering gender aspects at the chicken production, transportation, and marketing levels. Author(s): The GIVE project Language: English |
Contributions of community vaccinators to the delivery and distribution of NCD vaccines in Makueni County Report
The presentation covers research objectives in the investigation of the roles of community vaccinators (CVs) in the delivery and distribution of Newcastle Disease (NCD) vaccines for poultry producers; to examine the strategies used to increase awareness and uptake; and to identify the challenges faced by CVs, in Kibwezi East Sub-County, Kenya. Author(s): Wanjiru, Shelmith Language: English |
| Gender inclusive vaccine distribution and delivery systems Report
The livestock vaccine innovation fund is working to accelerate development of new vaccines against neglected livestock diseases by supporting innovation and cutting-edge research. Emerging zoonotic infections are bringing attention to animal health. The presentation provides context and an outline of the vaccine value chain, including challenges of developing supply chains, as well as distribution channels. One billion farmers in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia rely on livestock for their livelihoods. The majority are women. There is a requirement for gender inclusive vaccine distribution and delivery system to improve animal health and to achieve sustainable development goals. Author(s): Manchur, Wendy |
Gender inclusive vaccine ecosystem : enhancing distribution and delivery system for Newcastle disease and PPR among smallholder farmers : the GIVE project Report
Vaccines are important for control of livestock diseases yet their effective use is hampered by low levels of awareness, high acquisition costs, accessibility issues and unequal gender relations at household level. The presentation provides an overview of research objectives: to explore the socio-cultural, economic and technical barriers in access to Newcastle Disease (NCD) and pestes des petit ruminants (PPR) vaccines; to examine norms that hinder women from owning livestock, participating in and benefiting from livestock vaccines, and to establish vaccine knowledge among women farmers and their ability to use and benefit from vaccines. Author(s): Bukachi, Salome Language: English |
Drivers of access and utilisation of Newcastle disease vaccines among women smallholder chicken farmers in Makueni County Report
The presentation provides a brief overview for a study that will explore drivers of access and utilisation of vaccines for Newcastle poultry disease among women smallholder chicken farmers in Makueni County (Kenya). Author(s): Simiyu, Abel Wamalwa Language: English |
Influence of group dynamics on chicken farming among women in Makueni County Report
This presentation provides an overview of the proposed research study regarding how group dynamics influence chicken farming among women in Makueni County. The research will include aspects such as the influence of communication patterns, group structure and cohesion, and the moderating influence of location on relationships. Author(s): Lydiah, Barongo Nyaboke Language: English |
Gender inclusive vaccine ecosystem : enhancing distribution and delivery system for Newcastle disease and PPR among smallholder farmers : the GIVE project : progress on project implementation Report
The presentation provides an update on progress and project implementation including: the project team, the administrative setup, achievements to date, and key documents. Among numerous preliminary findings, research reveals that in Makueni (Kenya), commercial chicken production is relatively advanced compared to smallholder chicken rearing; most women are involved in indigenous chicken rearing on a free-range system with minimal supplementation. Newcastle disease (ND) is most prevalent in March, June and October resulting in huge losses among chicken farmers. Men tend to take over the chicken rearing venture from women when it becomes profitable. Author(s): Bukachi, Salome Language: English |