Call for proposals: Connecting Indigenous Research and Leadership in Canada and the Global South

Contents

1. About IDRC and Indigenous research 

2.  Overview of the call

3. Funding scope and duration

4.  Eligibility criteria

5. Expectations of projects 

6. Submission process 

7. Format and requirements for proposals

8. Evaluation criteria and scoring

9. Selection process 

10. Post-selection requirements

11. Timeline and communication of results

12. Information session, inquiries and FAQs 

13. Permission for use and disclosure of information

Annex 1

Annex 2

Annex 3

About IDRC and Indigenous research

IDRC is a Crown corporation created in 1970 by the Parliament of Canada. IDRC supports and strengthens the capacity of people and institutions in low- and middle-income countries to undertake the research that they identify as most urgent. It works with researchers and research users as they confront contemporary challenges in their own countries and contributes to global advances in their fields. 

IDRC has a rich history of supporting Indigenous research in the Global South. This includes strengthening Indigenous health systems; supporting Indigenous scientists in science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields; resiliency against climate change; governance; and providing more leadership and research opportunities to members of these communities through education, capacity strengthening and access to global research networks and forums. Gender equality and inclusion are central to all our programs.  

Overview of the call 

This call was developed through a partnership between IDRC and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), a Canadian federal research funding agency that promotes and supports research and research training in the humanities and social sciences. Through its research training and talent development, insight research and research partnership programs, and through partnerships and collaborations, SSHRC strategically supports world-leading initiatives that reflect a commitment to ensuring a better future for Canada and the world. 

Background and rationale 

Realizing the rights of Indigenous Peoples, both globally and in Canada, is essential to achieving a sustainable and equitable future. In alignment with Canada’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission Calls to Action, and as part of IDRC's focus on fostering local, Southern-led solutions to development challenges, IDRC is dedicated to supporting Indigenous-led research and amplifying Indigenous voices, perspectives and experiences to build a more inclusive and sustainable world. We believe that connecting Indigenous Peoples globally can play a pivotal role in generating new knowledge, advancing science, sharing teachings and reinforcing their action through the creation of synergies. These connections can drive lasting and inclusive solutions to pressing development challenges. 

To advance these connections, IDRC aims to support knowledge exchanges between Indigenous researchers in Canada and the Global South. These exchanges can deepen the understanding of the shared challenges Indigenous Peoples face and the negative impacts that colonialism has had, and still has, on their development, voice and agency. More importantly, these exchanges can foster the sharing of strategies to address these challenges while building alliances and solidarity across communities and borders. 

Key objectives 

This call for proposals is a dedicated funding opportunity for Indigenous organizations in the Global South that are interested in connecting with First Nations, Métis and Inuit communities in Canada through knowledge-sharing activities. The purpose is to co-develop an interdisciplinary, Indigenous research agenda and build alliances between Indigenous researchers in the Global South and First Nations, Métis and Inuit researchers in Canada that may lead to broader joint research endeavours in the future. 

More specifically, this funding opportunity aims to:  

• support the research priorities of Indigenous Peoples as identified by them;
• champion Indigenous leadership, self-determination and capacity in research for the benefit of Indigenous communities;
• increase awareness and visibility of Indigenous researchers, students and communities in policy and research fora;
• recognize Indigenous ways of knowing as an integral part of valid and authoritative research;
• support Indigenous-led strategies and structures that address respectful and mutually beneficial data management, data sovereignty and intellectual property rights in Indigenous research. 

The events and activities supported by this call for proposals represent an opportunity to engage and exchange knowledge on successful ways of conducting research that are transformative and contribute to Indigenous-led research, including holistic, interdisciplinary and distinctions-based approaches[1].

This call for proposals affirms the important, holistic and interdisciplinary contributions to human knowledge that Indigenous knowledge systems make. Furthermore, the call respects Indigenous knowledge systems, including ontologies, epistemologies and methodologies, as important avenues for exploring the contours of Indigenous knowledge, supporting Indigenous research paradigms, contributing to interdisciplinary collaboration and extending the boundaries of knowledge in Western research paradigms. As such, applicants are encouraged to submit projects that are holistic and interdisciplinary and that reflect the full range of collaboration across disciplines and subject areas within one or more of IDRC’s five thematic areas: 

• Climate-Resilient Food Systems
• Democratic and Inclusive Governance
• Education and Science
• Global Health
• Sustainable Inclusive Economies 

Expected Outcomes  

This call for proposals will support events and activities such as community gatherings and workshops that will mobilize existing knowledge, facilitate dialogue and knowledge sharing and promote interdisciplinary research methodologies. These events and activities will result in the preparation of a research agenda, strategy and/or action plan that contribute to and support capacity-strengthening and leadership for Indigenous communities to conduct research. Applicants can choose to focus on all or a selection of the following outcome areas:   

1. Increased support to Indigenous talent and research careers

• Indigenous graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and researchers are supported.
• Indigenous Elders and Indigenous knowledge holders are involved in research.
• Barriers to participation and success, including nation- and gender-specific barriers, are removed.
• An inclusive research and research training environment is fostered.
• A science and engineering culture is fostered.

2. Increased engagement with Indigenous knowledge

• Research into Indigenous knowledge systems is supported.
• Indigenous science and holistic approaches are supported.
• The understanding of reconciliation[2] among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Peoples in Canada is enhanced.
• The knowledge of Indigenous languages and practices is built.
• Intersectionality (gender, age, sexuality and other markers of difference) is taken into consideration.

3. Strengthened Indigenous capacity and leadership in research

• Indigenous and community-led research is supported.
• Rights-based approaches are supported.
• Indigenous ownership and control of data is ensured.

4. Fostered mutually respectful relationships

• Past use of extractive and unethical research practices between non-Indigenous researchers and Indigenous communities are acknowledged and rejected moving forward.
• Ethical and responsible conduct of Indigenous research is supported.  

Funding scope and duration 

As a result of this call, up to seven grants of up to CAD100,000 will be issued. The project duration for these grants is one year including all research activities and final reporting. 

IDRC reserves the right to fund additional proposals from this call if/when more funding becomes available.  

IDRC is under no obligation to issue any funds prior to the applicant returning a fully executed Grant Agreement to IDRC.  

All grants are subject to sufficient funds being made available to IDRC by the Parliament of Canada or under a donor partnership agreement with a particular external funder. 

IDRC reserves the right to cancel this call for proposals at any time without prior notice and/or to not issue any grants under this process. 

Eligibility criteria

Proposals need to meet the following eligibility criteria to be considered: 

• The Lead Applicant Organization to this call must be headquartered in an eligible country in the respective region where it operates (West and Central Africa, East and Southern Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East and North Africa). See Annex 1 for the list of eligible countries.
• The Lead Applicant Organization to this call must have independent legal status (or “legal personality”) and be capable of contracting in their own right and name, receiving and administering funds, and have authority to direct proposed project activities. Applicants must be able to demonstrate legal status through written documentation. Legal status will only be reviewed if and when applicants are selected following technical selection.
• The call for proposals is not open to individuals or government ministries, and agencies or branches, offices and chapters of international organizations, but it is open to public research institutes, think tanks, universities and not-for-profit organizations with a research mandate. Regional or country offices of international organizations are ineligible to apply as Lead Applicant Organizations even if these offices are registered as independent legal entities in their countries of location.
• The Lead Applicant Organization must be Indigenous or supporting Indigenous-led research programs. Preference will be given to Indigenous organizations or organizations supporting Indigenous-led research programs that have established linkages with First Nations, Métis and Inuit communities in Canada. Indigenous organizations or organizations supporting Indigenous-led research programs seeking to establish such linkages will be considered as well.
• The research team must include Indigenous researchers and, in particular, women or gender-diverse Indigenous researchers.  

Expectations of projects 

Applicants are expected to comply with the following considerations, which should be reflected in their proposal.  

A) Southern leadership  

IDRC’s mandate is to promote inclusive development in the Global South. Only projects that are led by Global South Indigenous researchers will be considered.    

B) Partnership with Indigenous groups in Canada 

Applicants are required to submit an official letter of collaboration from a First Nations, Métis or Inuit organization in Canada. 

C) Ethical considerations  

Applicants should consult the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (specifically Chapter 9: Research Involving the First Nations, Inuit and Métis Peoples of Canada) while preparing their application. 

D) IDRC gender equality and inclusion considerations  

IDRC strives for equality in all aspects of its work. We support the generation of knowledge — including by individuals from diverse genders, communities, histories and experiences — that tackles the systems that perpetuate inequalities based on identity. Inequalities exist across multiple and intersecting categories of identity, including, but not limited to, the following: gender, sexuality, age, class, race, caste, ethnicity, citizenship status, religion and ability. Taking an intersectional approach to gender equality recognizes these differences and understands diversity as central to advancing equality. Given that gender inequality is a significant barrier across all dimensions of diversity, IDRC invests specific efforts in ensuring its work promotes gender equality and inclusion.   

For additional background, please see IDRC’s Equality Statement. 

Accordingly, proposals should demonstrate how gender equality and inclusion will be promoted and adopted using an intersectional approach, both with respect to the following: (i) team composition and organizations comprising the research team; and (ii) the design and implementation of the proposed research.   

Applicants should refer to Annex 2 for a series of questions that can be used to help guide these aspects of your proposal.   

Submission process 

Applicants should submit an electronic application through Survey Monkey Apply before the deadline.  

• Complete applications must be received no later than September 23, 2025, at 23:59 Eastern Daylight Time. Applications received after the deadline will not be considered.
• Applications can be submitted in either English, French or Spanish. 

An acknowledgement of receipt of your submission will be sent to all applicants whose application was received before the closing date and time. 

IDRC will solicit feedback from all groups that apply through this process via an online survey. IDRC will send the survey to all organizations at the end of the application process. IDRC also welcomes oral or written feedback from all participants at all stages of the process 

Format and requirements for proposals

Applicants needing help or having questions while preparing their applications are invited to communicate with IDRC by sending an email to educationandscience@idrc.ca well in advance of the application deadline.  

Section 1. Abstract (300 words maximum)  

Please provide a short abstract of the project. It should be written clearly for a non-technical audience. Avoid acronyms and technical jargon. Describe the development problem, the purpose/objective of the project and expected results in the form of project outputs and outcomes.

Section 2. Description of project and justification (2,500 words maximum)  

In the document upload section, you must attach a PDF copy of your description of the project. Before writing your proposal, consult the evaluation criteria in the call document. Write your proposal in clear, plain language. Avoid jargon, acronyms and highly technical terms.

Include:

• a description of the background and justification of the project, including an explanation on how you intend to connect with First Nations, Métis and Inuit communities in Canada and for what purpose (600 words maximum);
• a description of the overall goal and specific objectives of the endeavour (400 words maximum);
• a description of the methodology or approach proposed to achieve the research objectives, including key research questions and a work plan detailing how all activities can be undertaken within one year (900 words maximum); and
• a description of how your project intends to place gender equity and inclusion considerations at the centre of all activities and approaches (600 words maximum).

Section 3. Results and dissemination (1,000 words maximum)  

Define the major outputs and outcomes expected and how they will be sensitive to local cultures and made available in Indigenous languages as appropriate. Describe your main audience(s) (e.g., scholars, practitioners, etc.). Discuss how the research results are likely to be used, what their expected impacts (outcomes) might be and any obstacles to the execution of the research or the eventual use of the results. You can consult IDRC’s Research Quality Plus for Co-Production.

It is important to keep IDRC's Open Access Policy and Open Data Statement of Principles in mind when developing your communication plan. This should include not only the research outputs themselves but also, whenever possible, the data that is created and used for training and education.  

Section 4. Research ethics (300 words maximum)  

Please elaborate on your proposed approach to research ethics.  

Research work must be carried out in accordance with high ethical standards, in keeping with IDRC’s Corporate Principles on Research Ethics. The IDRC standard grant agreement further outlines applicable ethics standards. Applicants should consult the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (specifically Chapter 9: Research Involving the First Nations, Inuit and Métis Peoples of Canada) while preparing their application.

Prior to commencing research, applicants may need to obtain approval from an official institutional or national research ethics body. In contexts where there is no official institutional or national research ethics body, the applications will need to propose how they plan to set up an ethics committee for the project.  

After approval of the project by IDRC, successful organizations are expected to submit the ethics and security protocols to IDRC, and to monitor and report on ethical risks and their management as the research is implemented.  

Section 5. Risk and mitigation strategies (300 words maximum)

Please provide an overview of the risks of undertaking this project and the associated mitigation strategies.

Section 6. Project team capacities (1,000 words maximum)  

Briefly describe the institution(s), proposed principal investigator and research team.

Summarize the core research team members' expertise and previous work, highlighting Indigenous researchers, especially women or gender-diverse individuals.

Highlight the team's commitment to including Indigenous researchers, particularly women or gender-diverse individuals, and their strategies for fostering an inclusive environment.

Section 7. Budget justification (700 words maximum)

Explain why the requested amount of funding is required for the proposed research.  

Additional documents  

In addition to the proposal, applicants are expected to submit:    

1. Contact information of the lead applicant and members of the consortium if applicable.
2. A copy of the legal or corporate registration of the organization with whom the applicant is affiliated.
3. Estimated budget in local currency, with a cost breakdown by categories using the IDRC budget template. Complete all the tabs except the Summary tab, which will be generated automatically. Save the completed and duly signed budget as a PDF document and attach this to your application. For a list of eligible expenses, please refer to the IDRC Guidelines for Acceptable Project Expenditures. For general information, refer to the General IDRC Funding Guidelines. Please add information on any matched funding, or additional leveraged resources, that are relevant to this proposal under the “Donor contributions” and “Local contributions” tabs.
4. Letters of commitment from the leading and collaborating institutions interested in participating, including from a First Nations, Métis or Inuit organization in Canada, and a description on how the different partners, key stakeholders and institutions will collaborate in the initiative.
5. A statement indicating how the Lead Applicant Organization is Indigenous or supports Indigenous-led research programs. It should list all members of the research team who identify as Indigenous, their gender, community and their connections to Indigenous communities.
6. CVs of the principal investigator and proposed team members.  

Applicants whose proposals are selected to recommend for funding will be required to provide additional documentation prior to confirmation of funding of their projects, as outlined in Annex 3.

By submitting this proposal, the applicant confirms that their acknowledgment of the applicable Terms and Conditions for the Grant Agreement, acknowledged and accepted, form an integral part of the funding application.  

IDRC reserves the right to rescind its selection of a project if it is deemed that the information provided in the application is false or misleading. 

Evaluation criteria and scoring 

The following criteria and scoring scheme are used to evaluate the applications:  

Scoring Table 

Reviewers assign a score for each of the three criteria (challenge, feasibility, capability) based on the following scoring table. The appropriate weighting is then applied to arrive at a final score. 

Applications must receive a score of 3.0 or higher for each of the three criteria in order to be recommended for funding. 

Selection process 

Applications will first be screened for eligibility using the eligibility criteria outlined in section 4. Research proposals are then assessed by a merit review committee. This committee is comprised of IDRC program staff and external reviewers from different related disciplines, including with expertise in Indigenous research, in gender, diversity and inclusion, and in knowledge translation and/or knowledge users, who will assess the applications according to the evaluation criteria outlined in section 8.  

The final decision for funding will be made by the merit review committee and will ensure the cohort of funded proposals reflects thematic and geographical diversity.  

Following the selection by the merit review committee, successful and non-successful applicants will receive notification of the results in December 2025.  

Successful proposals may receive from the reviewers specific comments to be addressed, including suggested budgetary adjustments.  

The technical selection of a proposal does not constitute a formal commitment by IDRC to fund the project. Applicants whose proposals are selected for a recommendation for funding will undergo an institutional assessment. This step assesses the potential risk of material loss of IDRC funds due to weaknesses in the capacity of an applicant’s institution to manage or report on the financial aspects of project activities, or because of economic and political conditions relating to the institution's operating environment. IDRC needs to review three broad areas in its assessment of what measures should be applied to minimize such risk: the materiality of the investment; the management capacity of the applicant’s institution; and the wider environment within which the organization operates. 

IDRC will have no obligation to issue any funds prior to the applicant returning an executed Grant Agreement issued to them by IDRC. See “Outline of the selection process” below for further information. 

The process for finalizing the project proposal, budget and administrative documentation is expected to take place between January 2026 and February 2026. 

Post-selection requirements

Proposal and budget finalization  

Prior to finalizing a Grant Agreement, IDRC reserves the right to request any revisions to the submitted proposal and budget. A revised proposal with the necessary revisions must be returned in a timely manner to IDRC.  

Country clearance requirements 

In some cases, IDRC has scientific and technical cooperation agreements with the governments of the countries where we support projects. Where such agreements exist, IDRC may require additional or alternative approval processes to be followed to comply with such agreements. Otherwise, grantees must follow the prevailing approval procedure as required by the government authority. This is often administered by a coordinating or nodal agency of the government and varies by jurisdiction. 

An IDRC grant administration representative will advise the selected applicant if any country procedures need to be followed. A grant agreement will only be issued if and once country clearance(s) is/are obtained. IDRC reserves the right to not pursue the funding of a selected project if the country approval is not secured within six months after IDRC officially announces approval of the project, as this would jeopardize the timely completion of the initiative.  

After an institutional assessment of an applicant’s organization is performed, IDRC may identify operational or financial weaknesses that could pose some administrative risks to the proposed project. In such cases, IDRC reserves the right to request the applicant’s organization to partner with another institution as a condition of receiving the grant.    

Sub-recipients 

In cases where the recipient will manage sub-grantees, the country requirements that apply to sub-grantees are also documented in the grant agreement. It becomes the responsibility of the grantee to ensure that sub-grantees meet these requirements.  

Country risk  

IDRC funds research in locations that respond to the corporate and programmatic plans and objectives approved by IDRC’s Board of Governors. Project proposals and risk-mitigation measures may need to be revised where: 

• project activities may be affected by legal restrictions on transferring funds or other resources to specific entities;
• due to physical remoteness, physical risks to IDRC employees in particular regions or other inaccessibility factors prevent IDRC from properly monitoring and supporting the project; or
• applicable laws and regulations prevent institutions from accessing funds.  

Grant Agreement  

Any selected proponents must sign IDRC’s standard Grant Agreement to receive funds. Please refer to the General Terms and Conditions for a Grant Agreement. Although there is no limit on the number of co-applicants in one application, IDRC will only negotiate Grant Agreements with the organization of the lead applicant. 

Timeline and communication of results

Information session, inquiries and FAQs 

Following the launch of the call for proposals, IDRC will organize an information session to address any queries from potential applicants. This will take place on 9 July 2025, at 7:30 Eastern Daylight Time. Link to session here.

Any additional inquiries related to the call and application process should be sent by email to  educationandscience@idrc.ca. All inquiries should be received on or before 16 September 2025 to receive a response prior to the deadline date. 

Any inquiries which affect all applicants received on or before the above-mentioned deadline will be added to the FAQs with IDRC’s responses to those inquiries, and without revealing the source of the inquiries. 

Permission for use and disclosure of information 

As a Canadian Crown corporation, IDRC is subject to Canada’s Access to Information Act and the Privacy Act. Consequently, any submissions in response to this call for proposals will be managed by IDRC in a manner consistent with applicable legislation and IDRC’s Privacy Policy, including IDRC's obligations to disclose documents requested by members of the public or requests for personal information. More information on how IDRC manages information in accordance with this legislation can be accessed here.  

All applicants, as part of the application process through SurveyMonkey Apply, are required to sign IDRC’s Privacy Statement and Terms of Use as well as any terms and conditions of SurveyMonkey at the time the application is submitted.  

ANNEX 1 – List of eligible countries 

Country location of the lead organization   

For this funding opportunity, the following list indicates eligible countries where the lead organization must be located. Applications from organizations not based in these countries will not be considered for funding. This list is final.  

This list was informed by IDRC’s current grant-making experiences, our agreements with national authorities and external factors beyond our control that may restrict organizations from performing the expected functions of a lead organization.  

ANNEX 2 - Ensuring research ideas address gender equality and inclusion 

IDRC strives for equality in all aspects of its work. Inequalities exist across multiple and intersecting categories of identity, including, but not limited to, gender, sexuality, age, class, race, caste, ethnicity, citizenship status, religion and ability. 

Achieving equality varies by place and must be situated within the socio-cultural, political and economic contexts of the different regions where IDRC works. Equally, inequalities are not static and can vary and change over time.  

To promote gender equality and inclusion, it is critical for research projects to strongly consider investigating the roles of sex, gender and other diverse identities and experiences and their relationship to the history, structures and functioning of these systems. 

IDRC recognizes the importance of striking a balance between ambition and pragmatism. Actions to address gender and other inequalities require doing the groundwork to interrogate and surface the ultimate root causes of inequality; at the same time, changing gendered structural dynamics takes time, trust and long-term commitments to policies and practices. 

The questions below are intended to guide you in reflecting how your research addresses social and gender equality and inclusion, and how you can strengthen these dimensions in your proposal. 

1. Does your proposal intend to understand and address social and gender inequalities and their underlying causes?
2. In the context of your proposal, what are the power structures and power dynamics that exist between men and women and other groups which underpin gender inequality? What are some possible avenues to address and change these conditions?
3. In the context of your research problem, how is this affected by identities or experiences such as race, ethnicity, socio-economic class, income levels and where individuals live (e.g., rural, urban settings)?
4. Is there a logical theory of change of how your research objectives will promote or lead to greater gender equality and/or inclusion? What impact will your research proposal have on these aspects?
5. Do you have a stand-alone objective on addressing gender equality and inclusion? How are other objectives framed in relation to addressing gender equality and inclusion?
6. How will the proposed conceptual framework(s), research design and related research methods address and analyze the root causes and context-specific factors contributing to intersectional forms of gender inequality? Which individuals and groups should be engaged in co-creating this research design and its implementation – to what extent and how will they be engaged?
7. Has your project identified clear outcomes and indicators with respect to gender equality and inclusion? Are these integrated into project measurement tools? For example, do you plan to collect and analyze sex-disaggregated data? What about gender-disaggregated data? Have you planned to undertake a pre- and post-project gender analysis?
8. Does the proposal’s knowledge-translation plan integrate sex and gender considerations (including intersectionality) in how the iterative processes of engagement, analysis, synthesis, product development and knowledge facilitation are designed and operationalized?
9. Do the members of your research team understand contextual gender equality and inclusion issues? Do you have the right skills and experience in your team? Which of your team members will take the lead in designing, implementing, monitoring and assessing your project’s objectives to address gender inequality and exclusion?
10. Does your research team have a good balance between male and female scientists or scientists of other identities?
11. Have you clearly budgeted for gender equality and inclusion activities and staffing? Have you allocated sufficient time and resources to strengthen the capacity of your team, partners and other stakeholders on gender and inclusion issues? 

Please note that there are some myths and assumptions that will be important to avoid in your proposal: 

• Assuming that women, or certain groups, do a task so that they will benefit is not adequate. Instead, it will be important for your project to identify any gender inequalities and outline steps by which your research will help re-define power dynamics.
• Adding “especially women and marginalized groups” after each of your objectives is not adequate. You must be able to define how gender dynamics are present in your research objectives. Research rigour and quality is critical.
• The women in your team will not always qualify as the gender expert. Get real gender expertise and partnerships that bring in the necessary skills.
• Equally, addressing gender in the project is not only the responsibility of these gender experts – rather the entire team must understand the gender dynamics at play in your research.
• Addressing gender takes real resources. Saying gender cannot be integrated because you do not have sufficient resources is not acceptable. Budget resources for gender at the outset. 

ANNEX 3 – Institutional assessment documentation 

Successful applicants will be required to provide the following documents to allow IDRC to undertake an institutional assessment prior to confirmation of funding: 

1.  Most recent audited financial statements*, including but not limited to:

• Balance Sheet, Statement of Income and Expenses or Profit and Loss, and Statement of Cash Flow;
• Notes to the Financial Statements;
• Audit Report;
• Any Management or Internal Control Letters, and related follow-up response. 

*The latest financial statements duly authorized by a financial officer if audited statement is not available. 

2. Current organizational chart
3. Human resources manuals
4. Finance and administration manuals
5. Policy/procedure for procurement
6. List of active external donors and their current contributions
7. Latest annual report. 

[1]“The Government of Canada recognizes First Nations, the Métis Nation, and Inuit as the Indigenous peoples of Canada, consisting of distinct, rights-bearing communities with their own histories, including with the Crown. The work of forming renewed relationships based on the recognition of rights, respect, co-operation, and partnership must reflect the unique interests, priorities and circumstances of each People.” From Government of Canada. (2021) Principles respecting the Government of Canada's relationship with Indigenous peoples 

[2]“In Canada, the process of reconciliation is tied to the federal government's relationship with Indigenous peoples. The term has come to describe attempts made by individuals and institutions to raise awareness about colonization and its ongoing effects on Indigenous peoples. Reconciliation also refers to efforts made to address the harms caused by various policies and programs of colonization, such as residential schools.” From The Canadian Encyclopedia. (2023)